Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Sunday, May 17, 2020
Tips for Understanding Spoken French
There are dozens of French phonetics exercisesà for letters, words and expressions on ThoughtCo.com. Entries on these exercises lead to pages withà more and more detailed explanations, so keep on clicking through when prompted. They can be excellent resources for learning the basics of understanding spoken French. Also highly recommended areà the manyà self-study French audio magazines and audiobooksà on the market. These tools contain extensive longer texts with audio files and English translations that are excellent resources for understanding spoken French. For either phonetics lessons or French audio magazines and books, will you get better results if you listen first and then read the words, or is it better to listen and read at the same time? In fact, both of these methods are fine; its just a matter of deciding which one works best for you. Weve thought about how to make this process most effective and offer a few ideas here aimed at helping you make the most of audio exercises. Each of the sites oral exercises includes at a minimum a sound file and a translation. There are a few possible scenarios for using these to boost your oral comprehension; its up to you to decide which one to adopt. 1. Listen First If you want to test your aural comprehension and/or you feel comfortable with your listening skills, listen to the sound file one or more timesà to see how much you understand. Then to fill in any gaps, read the words, either before or while listening to the sound file again. 2. Read First Students who dont feel up to the challenge of listening first might be better off doing just the opposite: Read or skim through the words first to get an idea of what its about, and then listen to the sound file. You can listen while reading, or just listen and then go back to the words to see how much you were able to pick up. 3. Listen and Read This third option is best for students who have a hard time understanding spoken French. Open up the words in a new window, and then start the sound file so that you can follow the words as you listen. This will help your brain make the connection between what you are hearing and what it means. This is similar to watching a French movie while reading the English subtitles.à You Decide Which Method Works Best for You The listen first technique is the most challenging. If you feel confident thatà your listening skills are strong or youd like to test them, this method will be effective for you. Less advanced students, however, may find that listening first is too difficult and possibly frustrating. Thus, reading the words first will help you connect concept (the meaning) to sounds (the spoken language). If your listening skills are weak, you will probably find it helpful to see the words before or while youre listening.à No matter which method you choose, your goal here is to improve your listening comprehension. Just keep listening and checking the words as many times as it takes until you understand the sound file without looking at the words. With all three techniques, also try speaking the words yourself as you read the words. Why? Because the more senses you engage when youre learning, the deeper the memory pathways youll be etching in your brain and youll learn faster and retain longer. If you do these kinds of exercises regularly, your understanding of spoken French is bound to improve. Improve Your Comprehension of French You might decide that you need to improve in one, or more likely, several areas of French comprehension. Learning a language, after all, is a long process strewn with subtleties, one that even native speakers contend with. Theres always room for improvement. So decide which area you want to focus on and study a little more to refine your French. Do you want to: Improve your comprehension of spoken French, as weve been discussing hereImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary
Friday, May 15, 2020
Sociological Perspective of Gun Violence - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1626 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gun Violence Essay Did you like this example? The ad that I have chosen for this assignment represents two kids standing in a classroom environment, both kids have one thing in common, theyre both holding an object in their hands. One of the kids is holding a surprise egg, whereas the other kid is holding a gun. I have seen this ad in one of my social media accounts. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sociological Perspective of Gun Violence" essay for you Create order The advertisement is very compelling and regards to one of the main issues that people in United States face these days. I will be analyzing the sociological perspectives of gun violence and how gun control should change, and how guns are more dangerous than a surprise egg. In order to understand the sociological perspective of gun violence it is important to understand what the reason behind gun violence is. As one of the main key points in understanding its perspective is the socialization, which is how ones behavior is. The definition of term socialization refers to socializing agents which are mainly family, school, religious intuitions and the peer groups. (Caffrey, K. P. (2013). As the primary socialization group is the family. There are patterns where people get their beliefs and values from. Therefore, to understand why gun violence or any other violence occur it is important to consider the sociological factors of ones life. The criminal behaviors are learned, and socialization is what causes these behaviors as socialization is a process of learning and adapting. Furthermore, as the main goal of this ad is to portray how guns are more dangerous than the surprise eggs. The main goal is to differentiate what is dangerous and what is safe. One of the main issue in the year of 2018 have been the school shootings. School shooting have increased by a large number as the learning environment have become a dangerous place for students. I have researched the statistical number and correlations for most of the school shooting and the numbers indicate that there have been 23 school shooting starting from January to May of 2018. Which is equivalent to an average of one shooting per week according to CNN news. (Ahmed, S., Walker, C. 2018) So, what is the issue behind these numbers increasing is the question that can be interpreted by correlating the similarities between most of the shooters. Gender, could masculinity be one of the reasons for school shootings. As the statistical data indicates that all the shooters in the school shooting were male. Is there a certain pattern which would help us to understand how gender plays a role in these shootings? All social institutions and practicesâ⬠education, marriage, law, the economy, fashion, health care, even baby namesâ⬠are in some way tied up with gender norms and expectations.( Conley, D. (2017).pg. 290) It is a social norm for men to be more dominant and violent. It seems like the violence is one of the identities given to all men as both genders have norms. One of the norms for men is to be more dominant, are the gender roles one of the issues or reasons which cause violence, and specifically school shootings, where guns are used as the weapon. What can we predict about the future of education institutions, would gun violence prevent people from getting the proper education, as education plays an important role in our lives. The amount of education we get these days can contribute to a better future and a better job. By looking at this ad I was thinking about schools and the victims of school shootings, would the people who were victims of a school shooting be traumatized to go back to school be fearing that these events can occur more than once. Would school shooting be one of the concerns of people that dont continue school? Probably not, as its still not to the point where students are afraid to attend school. Yet, if no action is taken and fi gun control and laws regarding guns dont change. The gun violence will be one of main sociological issue people face in the era. Looking at statics and the races for most of the shooters, there are strong patterns which will lead to solid assumptions that most school shooting are c onvicted by white male people or specifically and more often by white male students. Who are going through serious psychological and mainly sociological issues. As a school is a social platform. People who have problems regarding school have sociological issues, because educational institutions are one of the sources for socialization. One of the scholarly articles that I have found on school shooting is by Jorge Celis, as he is looking at the patterns of school shooting and gun violence. He mentions that societal factors impact school shooting, as I mentioned from the from my other source that socialization is one of the societal factor, in addition masculinity according to Celis is the other societal factor which leads to school shooting. He finds schools to be the social entities which are responsible for internalizations of social values (C., J. 2015) Furthermore he shares a geographical distribution of school shooting from 2013 where Unites States hold the first place. Another interesting fact that I have learned from this article is that school shooters are the good students with good grades, as their grades drops as these students are exposed stressors for the most of their life. Historically we have known that men are physically stronger, could the school shooting be a representation of strength. As most o f us know the school shooters are mostly victims of bullying could the act of shooting up a place be a representation of strength? From scholar article one and from the second article we can initiate that there are two factors to the sociological perspective of gun violence and mainly to the school shooting one of which is the socialization which is one of the main resources in our life, as the way we socialize can change who we are and who we become, another sociological perspective is masculinity. Would carrying a gun around make you look more masculine as it is a social norm for men to portray their masculinity in public. My main question is, have any of us seen a woman carrying a gun around with her at her waist? I personally never seen a woman carrying guns around however there have been many times where I see men carrying guns around. As masculinity is something that needs to be shown to be proven, the violence is learned. Scholarly article by sociologist from University of Montana assumes that when a behavior is reinforced many times it will increase in frequency. Therefore, according to Krista Caffrey violence is learned and it starts from the childhood. Studies indicate that early intervention, both in the classroom with disruptive and violent children and in the home with emotionally and physically abusive families, can result in a reduction in adult criminal behavior (Caffrey, K. P. (2013). As I mentioned before the violence is learned but does the increase in number of school shooting indicates a new norm. I dont specifically want to call this a social norm, but it seems like throughout the first five months of 2018 the number of school shooting have increased. Does this mean students learn violence through media? How does social media portray school shootings, and does it encourage others to get into this act of violence is a great sociological question. As I am trying to interpret the sociological message in the ad, I might have gone very deep in to the topic of gun violence. The sociological message in the advertisement is to show how the two objects that are being help by these two innocent kids are both dangerous for these kids however only one of them is banned which is the surprise egg, which contains a toy that is found to be hazardous for kids. Kids seem to get killed by the hazardous toys that the surprise eggs have inside them. But the main problem is that the girl in the ad holding the gun shows that theres something more dangerous that is killing kids these days as the shootings have increased drastically in the past years in the United states mainly. Does that mean something needs to be done as the laws on gun control should be changed and more actions which will prevent these shootings especially school shootings as theyre the most common type of shootings that happen these days. In conclusion, my main goal was to interpret the sociological messages given in the advertisement which has two kids holding two different objects, a gun and a surprise egg. As I concentrated on interpreting the sociological perspectives of violence and school shootings which are the act where guns are the main weapon. I used two perspectives of which one was the socialization and masculinity according to the second scholarly resource that I used for this paper. The school shooting has increased in the year of 2018, as the numbers increase I have a strong assumption that the number will continue increasing as it has been a norm for the school shooting to be very common. The way social media portrays them, and the way people feel about these violence acts should change. People need to be aware that this is a big issue and socialization as the main reason should be improved as kids should be given lessons if needed to attain better sociological atmosphere. Yet it is sometimes difficult to control ones actions as the main socialization factors is the family, as according to my first scholarly sources the violence is learned. Which passes through the group you get socialized with, however looking at this ad there are things that can be done to change the laws which will make guns less accessible.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Marketing and Dip - 1518 Words
Table of Contents Purpose and Overview 3 Analysis of Our Past and Current Situations 3 External Opportunities We Could Exploit 4 External Threats That May Impeded Success 4 Internal Strengths on Which to Capitalize 5 Internal Weaknesses to Overcome 6 Assumptions on Which the Strategies are Based 6 Marketing Strategies That Emerge from the SWOT 7 Summary and Request for Action 7 References 9 Case Analysis of Frito-Lay Company Purpose and Overview Frito-Lay s net sales of over 8 billion dollars in 1985 amounted to a 190% increase in sales growth from 1981 (Kerin, Peterson, pg.131). This success leads the company to a major issue of how the company can be further developed. The company sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This means that no real growth was evident (Kerin, Peterson, pg. 132). Next, current grazing trend may change as United States culture may adopt healthier eating habits. This may lead to new products that can be easily introduced and duplicated by competitors. Internal Strengths on Which to Capitalize There are several internal strengths that should be reviewed within the food dip industry. First, the company introduced its first dip in 1978 to complement a newly introduced tortilla chip. Two additional dips were introduced and were the only dips sold until 1983. The increased popularity of Mexican food resulted in an additional product line of shelf stable cheese-based dips (Kerin, Peterson, pg. 134). Sales in 1981 were $87 million and increased 190% with sales reaching $30 million in 1985 (Kerin, Peterson, pg. 131). Frito-Lay s distribution system is organized around four geographical zones that distribute its products through 350,000 outlets nationwide. The sales force is composed of 10,000 individuals that make 400,000 sales and delivery calls each day. Frito-Lay uses a front-door store delivery system that suits the 270,000 non-chain outlets (Kerin, Peterson, pg. 135). Increased household penetration increased 8% from 1983 to 1984 from shelf placement with salty snacks (Kerin, Peterson, pg. 137). This corresponds to a survey prepared for the AssociationShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Doggie Dip And Do1229 Words à |à 5 PagesModule 2 Case 2 Chapter 5 Doggie Dip and Do External advertising is the method by which companies sort their goal spectatorââ¬â¢s conscious of their merchandises and amenities. In few circumstances it is used to stimulate a businessââ¬â¢s make and its standards instead of singling out a precise element. Peripheral marketing typically practices a fragment of an intensive publicizing movement, with a quantity of ads seeming instantaneously across a diversity of media. I do not believe thatRead MoreCase Analysis of Frito Lay Essay917 Words à |à 4 PagesAnalysis of Frito-Lay MKT610: Marketing Strategies Jane Student Davenport University Terry Oââ¬â¢Connor, Ph.D. June 15, 2010 Table of Contents Purpose and Overview 3 Analysis of Our Past and Current Situations 3 External Opportunities We Could Exploit 4 External Threats That May Impeded Success 4 Internal Strengths on Which to Capitalize 4 Internal Weaknesses to Overcome 4 Assumptions on Which the Strategies are Based 5 Marketing Strategies That Emerge fromRead MoreFrito Lays Case Analysis1455 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction: In the mid-eighties Frito-Layââ¬â¢s Dips had become a highly profitable product line with sales of $30 million in 1981, growing to $87 million in 1985. In late 1986, Marketing Director Ben Ball, and Product Manager Ann Mirabito had completed the planning review for the Frito-Lay line of dips. A major issue at the planning meeting was where, and how, to further develop Frito-Layââ¬â¢s Dips. Two divergent viewpoints developed; that the dip line should be more aggressively promoted in its marketRead MoreFrito Lays Case Analysis1398 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"chip dipâ⬠products and should not enter the ââ¬Å"vegetable dipâ⬠market until a future date. Problem Statement: Should Frito-Layââ¬â¢s, the sales leader in the shelf-stable dip category, take an aggressive approach promoting its ââ¬Å"chip dipsâ⬠, or pursue the vegetable dip category? Facts: Market Conditions: FLDââ¬â¢s 1985 market share was 32.7% with sales of $135 million in that year. Total sales for the industry topped $620 million. (Refer to Attachment 1) Industry research shows that dip salesRead MoreFrito Lays Chip1740 Words à |à 7 PagesFRITO LAYS CHIPS. BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENT The Frito-Lay company is a $13 billion subsidiary of PepsiCo that employs 48,000 people. They are a nationally recognized leader in the manufacture and marketing of salty snack foods. Brands include Layââ¬â¢s, Ruffles, Fritoââ¬â¢s, Doritos, Tostitos, Cheetos, pretzels and Funyuns. They produce nuts, peanut butter crackers, beef sticks, cookies, snack bars and more.They sell and deliver through a ââ¬Å"front-door store delivery systemâ⬠in which one person performsRead MoreMarketing Plan For Pomegranate Kitchens1696 Words à |à 7 Pagesmarket that is gained from online campaigns and WOM. This is a great niche; bit in order to expand the revenue and consumer base, the business should reach out to consumers outside of these locations. This will be executed with their new targeted marketing tactic and launch of new innovative/unique product. Pomegranate Kitchen aims to be sustainable in the next few years and with this positioning tactic, it seems very doable if Pomegranat e Kitchens are targeting the markets with appropriate plans.Read MoreMeasuring Success During The Pharmasim Simulation Course1342 Words à |à 6 Pagesgame. They are: a. Manufacturerââ¬â¢s sales: Allstar is a pharmaceutical company which distributes cough and cold medicines. One of the stronger suit to measure the success rate of the company would be to track its sales. Sales in response to different marketing and response strategies helps us comprehend if the strategies are effective and efficiently working. While lower sales indicate a failed strategy, higher sales indicates success of the applied strategy. Similarly, we compared the manufactureââ¬â¢s salesRead MoreDomino s Is Putting More Emphasis On Fresh And Quality Pizza1264 Words à |à 6 Pagesoffering food to vegetarian and non-vegetarian customers. In order to get a considerable share in the fast food market, Dominoââ¬â¢s has prioritized a unique concept of localizing the flavor like Deluxe Chicken with Mustard sauce and Crunchy thin crust (Marketing 91, 2016) with one of its kind 30-minute delivery promise. Tom Monaghan and his sibling James launched Dominoââ¬â¢s in the year 1960 which now has expanded its business throughout the world in such a high pace. Today; Dominoââ¬â¢s Pizza is sold in manyRead MoreFrito Lay Case Study2232 Words à |à 9 Pagesrecognized leader in the manufacture and marketing of snack foods. The companyââ¬â¢s leaders in the snack industry include potato chips, tortilla chips, cheese puffs and pretzels. Frito-Lay not only had net sales in 1985 of three billion but also captured about thirty three percent of the snack foods sold in the United States. When Frito-Lay first got into the dip industry they introduced two dips, the Jalapeno Bean Dip and Enchilada Bean Dip. These two dips were generally viewed as a complement toRead MoreEssay on The Everglades for Dummies1018 Words à |à 5 Pagespeople interested in a novel is to title it Skinny Dip . Even better, one of the most effective ways to get people involved in Florida s Everglades is by subtly making it the setting for a novel full of murder, sex, mayhem, and lots of comedy. Carl Hiaasens Skinny Dip is an attractive read from the start. The title and the cover immediately call on the baser of human instinct. They are catchy and promise readers entertainment. It is a perfect marketing scheme. Even if a person were to see the novel
Myth And The Greatest Generation - 1596 Words
Mike McGill AMS-445-001 Myth and The Greatest Generation In the decades after the ââ¬Å"Good War,â⬠many attempts have been made to extol this generation in the media. Myth and the Greatest Generation: A Social History of Americans in World War II by Kenneth D. Rose, attempts to shine light on how life actually was for the generation that survived World War II, and came to be known as the greatest generation, rather than how that generation appears to us today. Rose claims that when people discussed the war they choose to focus on stories that helped the population feel good, rather than talking about the horrors of the war. World War II seemed to generate higher levels of patriotism than ever before seen. Rose hopes to give true honor to the Americans of this generation in his book. Not by elaborating on their contributions, but by trying to paint a picture of what life was like while America was at war. Rose chose to rely on first-hand accounts of the men and women who actually experienced the war. He does this to give them credit, but also to show that the so-called Greatest Generation was not without its own problems and flaws. He shows that they were just another regular generation who lived through tough times that tested their character and will power. Roseââ¬â¢s book is divided into four separate parts, the first section on, ââ¬Å"Americans Abroad.â⬠He does not just look in the first hand accounts of the soldiers thems elves, but also the men traveling with these companiesShow MoreRelated From Myth to Multiculturalism1325 Words à |à 6 PagesNieto and Bode (2008) observe that one myth about first-generation European immigrants who came to the United States during the period of immigration between 1880 and 1915 is that they succeeded academically. The fact, however, is they did not do well (Rothstein, 2004 as cited in Nieto Bode, 2008) and most of the immigrants did not graduate from nor even attend high school (Education, n.d.). Even second-generation immigrants often did not fare well; for example, only 17% of male and nine percentRead MoreThe Noble Lie Essay955 Words à |à 4 Pagessay that the land they defend is in fact, their mother and that all fellow citizens are their brothers. The second part of the lie is called the myth of the metals. The citizens are not only told that God created them in the Earth, but he made them all different. Each class is made of a different metal. The rulers were gold, for they have the greatest honor. The auxiliaries were silver, and the craftsmen were brass and iron. After they have been created, they lead normal human lives and theyRead MoreEssay Jesus: Religous Myth1196 Words à |à 5 PagesReligious Myth Read MoreA hero is the one who can do an ything to protect his people, guard the good and maintain a high700 Words à |à 3 PagesIrelandââ¬â¢s Cuchulain both lead very similar lives; the lives of true hero-warriors. Although the tales and myths of both these great warriors come from very different cultures it is important to note the similarities between them and they do have various character traits that sets them apart but the myths of Achilles and Cuchulain are essentially the same type of legends.â⬠¨ Achilles is considered the greatest of all the Greek warriors. Because no man could beat him in the combat and most importantly no weaponRead MoreHum 105 WORLD MYTHOLOGY Essay779 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s a mythâ⬠mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word myth is used most popularly in tales and stories. These tales and stories have been passed down from generation to generation and are based on some truth, but mostly an idea or common theme. The statement ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s a mythâ⬠means thatRead MoreVaccinate or Not to Vaccinate939 Words à |à 4 PagesTo Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate Many parents stress over the choice of deciding whether or not to vaccinate their children. The reason why deciding to vaccinate children is so difficult is due to the wide range of myths and side effects that are connected with vaccinations. Myths spread to parents all over the United States that the diseases donââ¬â¢t even exist anymore, rumors of vaccinations weakening a childââ¬â¢s immune system, and the risk of a child becoming autistic due to thimerisol in vaccinationsRead MoreStereotype About Old People, And Aging People And The Society1601 Words à |à 7 Pagesdiscriminating against the old people chips in. In the modern world, myths are spreading concerning older people. People have been made to believe that being young is good as compared to those who have aged. The fact that many families now live away from their old people and visit them once in a while make them tend to believe these myths. These myths and stereotyping influence the way we treat and associate wi th the old generations (Blaine, 176). To understand old people, one needs to stay with themRead MoreThe Clock Building, Not Time Telling, By James C. Collins And Jerry I1053 Words à |à 5 Pagesunderlying reason and rational behind architects of visionary companies and how they left their mark for generations to come through something larger than a single act or product. Through compelling facts and research about companies, a change in thought has occurred. For the enterprises and start-ups of tomorrow, leaders must strive to be clock builders. By becoming these grand architects, the leaderââ¬â¢s greatest creation, ââ¬Å"the company itself and what it stands for,â⬠(Collins and Porras 23) must stand aboveRead MoreShould Evolution be Taught in Schools? Essay759 Words à |à 4 Pagesof God. If Genesis were interpreted as symbolic, as a myth, fable or fantasy, then the entire role of Jesus would have to be reinterpreted.(http://www.religioustolerance.org/ev_school.htm ) Darwins theory of Evolution have been known by the world for many centuries. Even so, not all scientists support it, making it only a hypothesis and can still be proven wrong. ââ¬Å"I believe that one day the Darwinian myth will be ranked the greatest deceit in the history of science.â⬠according to Soren LovtrupRead MoreEssay on Pocahontas: A Great American Myth1238 Words à |à 5 PagesPocahontas: A Great American Myth John Smiths tales of the Indian princess, Pocahontas, have, over time, encouraged the evolution of a great American myth. According to this myth, which is common knowledge to most Americans, Pocahontas saved Smith from being killed by her father and his warriors and then fell in love with John Smith. Some versions of the myth popular among Americans include the marriage of Smith and Pocahontas. Although no one can be sure of exactly what happened almost four-hundred
Affects Of The Enlightenment Essay Example For Students
Affects Of The Enlightenment Essay Many men and women had significant impacts on the historical period known as the Enlightenment. Three men that had such an impact on the Enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Montesquieu. Each of these men had different theories and ideas about what type of government there should be. This resulted in many people having different opinions on how the government should rule their country. Due to this, the Enlightenment was a very chaotic and opinionated period. During the seventeenth century, England was on the verge of a civil war. It was split between an absolute monarchy and a self governed society. One man whobelieved in absolute monarchy was Thomas Hobbes. He believed in totalitarianism, which is when the government controls every aspect of your life. He believed this because he said that people could not have a self governed society because people are naturally corrupt and that a self governed society would cause chaos. Hobbes also supported absolutism because there was a non-educated population, and if that population governed itself, there would be craziness. He advocated that an absolute monarchy would protect the people and bring peace throughout the society. To share his ideas with the rest of the world, he published a book called Leuathon. This book shared his beliefs about absolutism. Hobbes felt very strong about his beliefs and he had many supporters. But there were other enlightened thinkers who disagreed with him. John Locke was also an enlightened thinker but disagreed with Hobbes. Locke believed in a limited government. He believed in this because a limited government was established to protect the people and their rights. Locke stated that the people had a right to overthrow the government if it violated their natural rights. The natural rights were liberty, life, and property. Property was one of the rights because land equals wealth. Locke based his theories on natural law and social contracts. A social contract is when people create a government to protect their natural rights, and if the government fails to protect these rights, or violates them, then the people have the right to rebel. Locke also published a book called Two Treatises of Government. He called it this because there were two sides of government that people were fighting for. Montesquieu was an enlightened thinker who believed in Lockes theories more than Hobbes. He believed in separation of powers within a government. This is where there is a legislative, executive and judicial branch within the government. The legislative branch would make the laws, the executive branch would enforce the laws, and the judicial branch would interpret the laws. His social views were very similar to Locks. He believed in pro individual rights. This is where the people have freedom of speech, economic equality, social equality, and freedom of publication. He too published his own book called The Spirit of Laws in1748. The Enlightenment was a very different period because of all these different ideas about how the government should be run.This sparked people to start thinking about the government on their own and having their own opinions. The Enlightenment was a type of revolution because it changed the way people thought and how peopleviewed their own government. Even though these three men were very influential, there were many other great speakers and leaders who affected the people and the government. History Essays
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Accounting Theory and Governance Management
Questions: 1. What is triple bottom line reporting, and what has it to do with sustainable development? Do you think that triple bottom line reporting can actually lead to separate bottom lines for the social, environmental and economic performance of an entity? Discuss fully2. Explain in detail the key elements and criticisms of Positive Accounting Theory. Do you agree with the criticisms? Why or why not?3. Compare historical cost accounting with exit price accounting. In your answer discuss which method is better for accounting and why?4. Explain the connection between agency theory and corporate governance. Analyze the costs and benefits of building corporate governance mechanisms? Answers: 1. Triple bottom line accounting is a modified version of the bottom line approach of accounting. The framework has three parts. They are social, environmental and financial. The three divisions are also known as the three Ps: people, planet and profit. They are considered as the three pillars of sustainability. Interest in the triple bottom line accounting has been growing both for the profit, non profit and government sectors. The performance of the organization can be measured using the TBL framework (The Economist, 2009). The traditional business accounting system uses the bottom line approach where the profit and loss is recorded at the bottom of the income statement. However the triple bottom line approach adds two more concerns additional to the profit and loss. They are the social concerns and the ecological concerns. The TBL standard is wide spread in the South African media. An example of an organization applying triple bottom line approach would be a social enterprise that runs as a nonprofit organization but income is earned by the organization by offering opportunities to the handicapped people who has been labeled as unemployable (Savitz, 2013). The triple bottom line of the 21st century has been discussed by John Elkington in his book Cannibals in the year 1997. In this book he described financial, social and environmental approach as three separate bottom lines of the companies. The triple bottom line approach measures the economic value of the company. It measures the extent to which an organization is socially responsible and takes into account the environmental responsibility of the company. According to Elkington, there should be three bottom lines on a basis of which the performance of the company should be analyzed. Thus it can be said that reporting using triple bottom line can lead to separate bottom lines which will analyze the environmental, social and economic performance of the company (Avalonbreads.net, 2015). Companies belonging to the 21st century are focusing on sustainable approach. There is increase in commitment of the organization towards corporate social responsibilities. Companies consider three aspec t of the business practice that will be beneficial for the people, planet and maximize the profit of the organization. A TBL company will think of the well being of the labor, corporate and the stake holders. Thus in this form of accounting the interest of the stake holders is taken into consideration. Thus triple bottom line accounting can lead to separate bottom lines for the social, economic and environmental performance of the entity (Scerri and James, 2010). 2. Key elements of Positive Accounting Theory Positive accounting theory can be defined as a branch of accounting research that explain and predict the actual accounting practices. The accounting theory makes predictions of the events of the real world and translates them into accounting practices. According to this theory they want to maximize the survival prospects and thus they organize themselves in an efficient manner. The firms also seek for minimization of the cost of contract so that they can maximize their benefits. The positive accounting theory (PAT) predicts the choices that the management would undertake so that it can make choice of the accounting policies (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). The theory has been introduced so that it can merge the efficient security market with their economic consequences. Criticisms against Positive Accounting Theory There are several criticisms against positive accounting theory. It does not provide any measure for improving the accounting practice. The theory is based on the assumption that all the action of the firm is driven towards maximizing their wealth. But many researchers find the assumptions to be negative and simplistic in nature which is a simple perspective of the human kind. There has been no development of the accounting theories since its inception. There is no accuracy in the predictions made by the accounting theory. It does not provide any kind of prescription or positive growth towards the accounting practices. The issues that have been addressed by the accounting theory like the debt hypothesis, political cost hypothesis and the bonus hypothesis has not shown much development since its inception (Porwal, 2015). The criticism against positive accounting theory is justified. The accounting theory has not shown any kind of progress since its inception. The hypothesis focused by the accounting theory has not shown any kind of development. The theory is based on the basic approach of wealth maximization. This is a basic approach towards accounting (Whittington, 2007). It is very simplistic approach of accounting. There is no accuracy of the predications of the accounting theory. This approach will not be feasible enough for solving the complex accounting problems. Thus any kind of progressive growth in the accounting practice cannot be seen with this approach. On the other hand the normative approach towards accounting is flexible and applicable in todays business environment (Idowu and Louche, 2011). 3. Historical cost of accounting can be defined as accounting practice in which the price of the asset in the balance sheet is based on its nominal or the original cost. The original cost is the cost when the asset was acquired by the company. The historical cost method is used in United States for the valuation of the assets under the generally accepted accounting principles (McCarthy et al., 2012). According to this accounting principle, the assets are held in the balance sheet at their historical cost even if there has been considerable change in the value of the asset over the period of time. But according to this accounting principle all the asset items are not calculated at the historical cost. For example, the securities that are sold in the market are not valued at their historical cost. The price of the securities is set at market value (Greuning and Koen, 2001). On the other hand exit price accounting can be defined as the form of current accounting practice in which occurs when the entity has decided to exit the industry. The assets have been sold out by the company and the net selling price of the assets is noted in the balance sheet on an orderly basis based on the sales. The price of the asset is based on fair value i.e. the price that would be received by selling the asset in a transaction between the buyer and the seller that takes place in an orderly manner between the participants of the market at the measured date. According to generally accepted principles of accounting exit price is defines as the fair value which is received by the firm on selling the asset in an orderly manner. The selling cost or the other cost of transaction is not considered in fair value but it includes the net realizable value (Stickney et al., 2010). The exit price concept is a better approach of accounting than the historical cost accounting. The exit price concept of accounting is based on fair value. It is the current exchange value which can either be the current entry price or it can be the replacement cost or the exit price. On the other hand the historical cost method values the asset at a historical cost. The current price of the asset is not considered. This is an unrealistic approach towards accounting. The exit price approach is based on fair value and it is realistic and fair approach of accounting (Cooper, Lee and Funnell, 2012). 4. Connection between agency theory and corporate governance Agency theory is concerned with resolving the problems that exist between the relationship of the principal and the agents in the business. The agencies of the business are the share holders and the principals of the business are the company executives. The agency theory addresses two basic problems that arise as a result of conflict between the agent and the principal due to variation in opinion and when both the parties have different opinion towards risks. Corporate Governance lays down the mechanism in which the corporations and the business organization are controlled (Chan-Lau, 2001). The duties and responsibilities are distributed among the participants of the organization. The principles of corporate governance are laid to reduce the conflict between the stake holders and the owners of the business. Thus agency theory and corporate governance are related to one another. The agency relationship will strengthen if the corporate governance principles abide by the requirements of the share holders. This will maximize the value of the organization (Rezaee, 2009). Costs of corporate governance mechanism Corporate Governance rules gives rise to various conflicting views between the share holders of the firm and the owner of the firm. This spoils the agency relationship between the owner of the business and the shareholders of the organization. The rules are biased in nature. The corporate governance rules are laid down aligning to the interest of the managers (John and Makhija, 2011). Benefits of corporate governance mechanism The benefits of corporate governance include strengthening the right of the share holders in the organization so that both the parties can enjoy the benefits of corporate governance. The right of the investors is protected and it provides legal protection from the expropriation by the managers (Fernando, 2009). References Avalonbreads.net, (2015).Triple Bottom Line: Earth, Community, Employees | Avalon International Breads. [online] Available at: https://www.avalonbreads.net/about-us/triple-bottom-line/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Chan-Lau, J. (2001).The impact of corporate governance structures on the agency cost of debt. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Cooper, K., Lee, J. and Funnell, W. (2012).Public Sector Accounting and Accountability in Australia. pp.200-400. Fernando, A. (2009).Corporate governance. New Delhi: Published by Dorling Kindersley (India), licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. Greuning, H. and Koen, M. (2001).International Accounting Standards: A Practical Guide. pp.40-60. Idowu, S. and Louche, C. (2011).Theory and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. John, K. and Makhija, A. (2011).International corporate governance. Bingley [England]: Emerald. McCarthy, J., Shelmon, N., Mattie, J. and Gross, M. (2012).Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Porwal, L. (2015).Accounting Theory, 3E By. pp.45-65. Rezaee, Z. (2009).Corporate governance and ethics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004).Accounting theory. London: International Thomson Business. Savitz, A. (2013).The Triple Bottom Line. Hoboken: Wiley. Scerri, A. and James, P. (2010). Accounting for sustainability: combining qualitative and quantitative research in developing indicators of sustainability.International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(1), pp.41-53. Stickney, C., Francis, J., Weil, R. and Schipper, K. (2010).Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. pp.80-120. The Economist, (2009).Triple bottom line. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/node/14301663 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Whittington, G. (2007).Profitability, accounting theory and methodology. Abingdon: Routledge.
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