Heroic styles of Beowulf and Sir Gawain Essay

Throughout history, different cultures have held different virtues in the highest regard. The Anglo-Saxons, like the anonymous scop of the poem Beowulf, valued strength and courage over any other quality. On the other hand, the earliest English people, like the poet of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, respected honor and the basic codes of chivalry over all else. Both Beowulf and Sir Gawain, therefore, display the most favored qualities of their people: Beowulf by defeating monsters, performing great feats of courage, and telling of his deeds; Gawain by being loyal, brave, and honest. Both sets of qualities are displayed throughout each tale. In Beowulf, written in about the fourth century AD, the hero’s first major test is to fight a huge monster. In doing so, he proves his physical abilities, and thus establishes his hero/ leader status. To be the best, you have to be the strongest, and he says â€Å"Fate saves/ the living when they drive away death by themselves!† (572-73), showing how much Beowulf relies on his physical strength. On the other hand, Gawain’s first test is not physical, but psychological. He is forced to prove his loyalty to Arthur, by offering his life to the Green Knight. He does not claim to be the best, or the strongest, and in fact claims: â€Å"I am the weakest, I am aware† (part 16). Gawain is displaying his modesty, and the medieval belief that a person should be humble about himself. This displays the immediate difference between the two cultures. For the Anglo-Saxons, if you wanted people to know you’re a hero, you tell them you’re a hero. For Gawain, and the Knights of the Round Table, they must act humbler, in order to appeal to their Christian beliefs. However, both societies do require their heroes to display some similar traits, the most common being courage. Gawain must show how brave he is by making a long and difficult journey to fulfill his oath, and die at the hands of the Green Knight. Beowulf must show his courage by fighting off large monsters, even to the last day of his life. â€Å"Why should I be dismayed? /Of doom the fair or drear/ by a man must be assayed† (24) shows how Gawain believes a hero should conduct himself, with dignity and honor. He does not believe that journeying to his death will be such a bad thing, since it will allow him to keep his honor intact. This sounds very similar to â€Å"Let me live  in greatness/ and courage, or here in this hall welcome my death,† Beowulf’s concept of bravery. Beowulf believes that either he is going to win, and kill Grendel, or Grendel will win and kill him. Either way, it is up to wyrd, his Fate. The resemblance continues with the theme of generos ity. Both try their very hardest to not simply keep all their earned wealth (or lack thereof) to themselves. Beowulf, upon receiving heaping treasures from Hrothgar, promptly dispenses it among his men. He even â€Å"rewarded the boat’s watchman/ who had stayed behind, with a sword that had hammered/ gold wound on its handle,† (1901-03) showing how he treats all his men as equals. The watchman’s job, to him, was just as important as all the other warriors that actually traveled with him. Similarly, Sir Gawain tells the lord of the house that he appreciated the hospitality of the host by remarking â€Å"I would give you some guerdon gladly, were I able† (82) immediately before departing. He says this to show the host his graciousness, but also displays his generosity, displaying the similarities between the two cultures. Finally, each has an opposite view of their importance in society. Beowulf believes that the best thing someone can do is become the most famous, and to have your name live on forever. â€Å"Fame after death/ is the noblest of goals† (lines 1388-89). For him to die in battle is the single most important thing he can do, to ensure he lives on in legend. On the other hand, Gawain thinks that he must do his part, and better the whole of Camelot. â€Å"Since this affair is so foolish that it nowise befits you,† (part 16) says that Gawain is willing to sacrifice his own life to save his king. He thinks he is the least of the Knights, and the most nonessential of them, and therefore the best candidate. Furthermore, â€Å"I would fainer fall dead than fail in my errand† (42) shows his dedication to the task he set out for. The two characters are in stark contrast between their concepts of self-worth. As you can see, the Anglo-Saxon and early English people held widely varying notions of what a hero/ leader figure should be. For the anonymous scop that wrote Beowulf, battle, glory, and fame were paramount; to the unknown singer of Sir Gawain, honor, honesty, and loyalty to one’s country had top priority.

Friction and Shoe Slide

|Name: Brennan Gedney |Date: November 16, 2011 | Graded Assignment Lab Report Answer the questions, using complete sentences. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit. (9 points) |Score | | | 1. In Part 1, did the force of friction on the shoe depend on the weight of the shoe? If the two are related, why are they? What does the slope of the line on the graph of force of friction vs. eight represent? Explain using your data. Answer: The frictional force did depend on the weight of the shoe. The more mass a shoe had, the large frictional force was required. The more weight a shoe has, the more gravity pulls on the shoe. This means that there is a larger normal force, which multiplied by the same coefficient of friction gives a larger frictional force. The slope of the line of friction vs. weight represents the rate at which the frictional force increases due to weight. (8 points) |Score | | | 2. Does an athletic shoe work better on a basketball court than a dress or dance shoe? Why or why not? Explain using data from Parts 1 and 2. Answer: An athletic shoe does not work better than a dress shoe on a basketball court. Athletic shoes have more grip than dress shoes, and thus require more force to move. Based on my data, the dress shoe requires less applied force to move than an athletic shoe. (8 points) |Score | | | 3. If you wanted the athletic shoe to slide faster on a surface, what might you do to the shoe? Provide at least two ways to make the shoe slide faster, and explain in terms of the force of friction and the coefficient of friction. Answer: To make a shoe slide faster, you might decrease the weight of the shoe. This would decrease the normal force, and thus the force of friction, allowing the shoe to slide faster. Another way to slide the shoe faster would be to slide it down an inclined plane. This would decrease the coefficient of static friction because the angle used in  µs = tan ? would be smaller. |Your Score |___ of 25 |

Business Rationale For Diversity Management Free Sample

CERA is a company that is working on large scale across the world. the report examines the importance of diversity management at CERA and describes the relevancy of diversity at the workplace. It has to inculcate a culture of diversity management while organizing the business. It should promote the culture in a way that everyone can see the reflection of diversity in their culture and the process. CERA has been working till now on an old model of HR recruitment but there is a necessity to keep doors opened for people from different background in order to attain cultural diversity. CERA has an issur It is recommended to incorporate principles of diversity management at the workplace in order to highlight all the important aspects of human resource management. The different aspect of diversity management is selection, recruitment, performance appraisal, training and development. Organizations need to show a commitment towards diversity and should try to integrate flexible working condition for the employees in order to attain balance at work. Moreover workplace diversity management helps in building s strong relationship with the community that helpsin enhancing the overall productivity. This process helps in improving the quality of programs and delivers an efficient service and product (Bassett?Jones, 2005). CERA has to inculcate a culture of diversity management while organizing the business. It should promote the culture in a way that everyone can see the reflection of diversity in their culture and the process. Success of the organization depends upon the ability to adopt di versity and to realize their benefits (Egan & Bendick, 2008). In order to ensure selection of diverse pool of talent it is advised to improve the HR policies which will create ample of opportunities. The HR manager should ensure recruitment of efficient candidates from the diverse pool of people through practicing diversity management at workplace (Curtis & Dreachslin, 2008). Choosing people out from a diverse pool will increase overall productivity. Moreover diversity management while recruitment and selection is not a difficult task. Reviewing HR policies timely as per the global competitive environment is suggested I order to attain objectives. It is essential to notice that a broader diversity management will help in broadening the choice. A well-managed recruitment program will help in absorbing the best candidates. This will ensure that a pool of right people is chosen to accomplish the objectives of the organization (Cooke & Saini, 2010). Diversity management focus on assembling values of t he organization and practice strategy to develop vision and organizational strategy pertaining to the requirements. Diversity management includes equal employment opportunity for every individual at workplace. This will ensure incorporating people with a different perspective and background to work under one roof. CERA needs to develop the policies focusing on promoting diversity management (Vertovec & Wessendorf, 2010). It needs to develop compliance oriented approach in order to promote diversity at workplace. The people of the organization are source of strength and competitive advantage. Diversity management has multiple impacts on the organization while considering the difficulties faced at different level. This will help in providing a competitive advantage to CERA by keeping doors opened for people from different background. This process will help in adapting effective planning at workplace. This will moreover help in improv ing innovative practice at workplace which will enhance the overall productivity. This will help in ensuring effective balance in between the desired culture and objective results. Most of the organizations are disregarding the importance of diversity at the workplace.   This has however caused a stagnant growth for those organizations to include a diverse environment at workplace (Labelle, Gargouri & Francoeur, 2010). CERA has to develop a cohesive environment that provides an opportunity for the growth by pushing various different aspects. Diversity management is correlated with the success of the organization in multiple ways which involve various cultural backgrounds (Rice, 2010). Multiculturalism is a part of diverse working environment with people from different walk of life. The diversity management looks upon the issues at multiple levels while positioning the strategic, managerial and operational functions. This practice can only be motivated if an organization imbibes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   these functions in their culture. There should be a proper coordination in between the senior and lower level of management in order to synchronize information. Senior level executives are given responsibility to handle the multi cultural environment. This will help in enhancing the scope of the organization. CERA has to promote a multi-cultural environment by reviewing the HR plan ( Martà ­n-Alcà ¡zar, Romero-Fernà ¡ndez & Sà ¡nchez-Gardey,2012). Conventional HR policies will only land up to troubles. This practice need to be achieved through developing a cohesive environment. Diversified teams at workplace will help in managing the critical issues in an easy manner. They allow a better understanding of the issues in order to develop a multi cultural environment. Researchers have acknowledged that a multicultural environment helps in overcoming the loopholes in the organization. This provides with an insight to convert dreams into reality. CERA has to face a challenge to promote a multi cultural environment in order to seek effective result .International presence of the brand has initiated a multi cultural environment. This has created a sense of cultural awareness among employees to think with a different perspective. They are being exposed to different ideas and points and can create a workforce with a large social network group and helps in increasing the business base (Mujtaba, 2007). An organizational success and competitiveness depends upon the ability of the organization to embrace diversity by realizing the benefits. All those organizations that are handling the diversity issues at the workplace are developed according to the necessity. The beneficiary of Diversity management is the organization who gets an opportunity to expand business opportunity due to a multi cultural environment.   A company that encourages diversity management helps in inspiring the other employees in an organization.   This will provide an opportunity to handle diverse workplace issues. This will help in implementing the plans carefully (Need, 2006). Diversity management will help in providing a broad range of skills and experience to the organization that will help in providing a diverse range of customer based services. A diverse environment will benefit the organization by considering the variety of viewpoints given by individual employee while framing the business polices. This will ensure meeting out the business strategies while expanding the various opportunities. Workplace diversity is beneficial for both employee and the organization. It increases the market opportunity, recruitment and creativity and helps in meeting difficult task (Kossek, Lobel & Brown, 2006).   Diversity management helps in creating a flexible business environment in order to achieve the desired results. Flexibility and creativity at workplace will help in managing the issues in an effective manner. Moreover it will help in managing the issues occurring at a different level of an organization. This will led to recognition of various issues that occ urs at different level. CERA needs to initiate further in order to seek benefit of diversity at workplace while creating a diversified environment (Pitts, 2009). Human resource is an important part of a successful business while focusing on business strategy.   Managers understand the importance of well-trained staff in order to motivate the other employees. Successful HR departments have understood the importance of keeping efficient employees that will help in attaining goals. Business managers are responsible to communicate idea of the business to the subordinates. Diversity need to be handled in an effective manner to achieve success for attaining long term goals. Majority of business organizations has realized importance of diversity management at the workplace due to increasing complication in business. Majority of the business organization across the world are seeking opportunities to resolve the complications. CERA by far has been following the old procedure of recruiting human resource personnel. Incorporating new practices will enhance the growth opportunity. The changes taking place in the organization needs to be addressed in a manner that is necessary in developing the strength (Henry & Evans, 2007). CERA is currently operating in different countries with a diversified working environment. Under such a situation it is suggested that CERA should make its policies accordingly so that they can seek a competitive advantage against other. Business strategies need to be made keeping in mind the recruitment structure. An organization with a dynamic workforce works more efficiently when compared to other. CERA however has incorporated a multi-cultural workforce but it is advised to organize more people in order to attain growth (Wrench, 2016). It is necessary to give proper representation to the minority while managing diversity Stakeholders in today’s business scenario play a significant role in today’s competitive world. Stakeholder management and consultation has become increasingly prevalent in today’s business scenario. Stakeholder’s consultation plays an important role in accomplishing corporate social responsibility. It is seen that business that engages everyone around is able to make a consistent performance. Stakeholder consultation is important for putting a positive effect on an organization recruitment process. This helps in building positive relationships in order to shape a positive job profile. It is essential for a business organization to address competing interest or differing priorities in order to shape the priorities. This will help in acknowledge the expectation in order to achieve desired result. Gaining valuable insight and information helps stakeholders in achieving dis tinguished goals. It provides a fountain of valuable experience, insight and knowledge to recruit with a vision to achieve daunting goals. This helps in facilitating successful candidates to the organization and promotes robots stakeholders engagement that will help in achieving desired goals (Foster & Harris,2005). Below mentioned are the necessary recommendations that are suggested to Mark French according to the present HRM policies and the role of diversity management at workplace. It is advised to CERA to employ people from every background in order to attain unrealistic goals. For achieving a sustainable growth it is advised to incorporate systematic changes in overall recruitment and selection procedure which will help in establishing an effective work environment. Diversity for an organization proves to be one-size-fits all option. Firstly it is suggested to involve every individual in the organization to take the responsibility of diversity. Top management to bottom management should take responsibility to manage diversity at workplace. Diversity management is all together a complex issue needs to be resolved in a simple manner to avoid future disputes (Barak, 2013). CERA should measure progress towards achieving diversity at the workplace through managing realistic goals by developing metrics. Comparing the standard and actual outcome will help in assimilating desired result within a required time-period. CERA is advised to measure all the goals on a desired parameter set by the management previously. CERA need to put all the fiscal and human resources at place in order to incorporate the policies in the organization while changing all the necessary functioning. Company need to start planning from the ground level in order to practice diversity management. Incorporating diversity management is a tough task for an organization at an initial level but managing everything in a systematic arrangement will help the organization to achieve sustainable result (Konrad, Prasad & Pringle, 2005). System is necessary to be prepared in advance in order to promote diversity. Talent acquisition is about attracting the best out of a pool of people. Once the requirement are set it is simple to choose the most efficient person for the desired post. This will enable a multi-culture environment at the workplace. Educating everyone about the role of diversity at workplace will help in processing necessary goals. It is necessary for an organization to provide proper information to the employees about the role of diversity in order to achieve desired result in the given time frame. Training is necessary to imbibe culture of the organization within employees (Pitts & Wise, 2010). It is necessary to initiate support from the top level management in order to articulate business function. Diversity represents the cultural value of an organization where everyone is treated equally irrespective of the place where they come from. Following abovementioned policies will help in incorporating a favorable environment at the workplace which will provide a sustainable environment. It is advised to decide in advance the procedure through which the vacant position would be filed. The current vacant positions are related to senior engineer and graduate engineer. Firstly it is necessary to shortlist the candidates out of the received application. The position need to be fulfilled as per the required qualification. It is recommended to the HR manager to short list the most appropriate application and to initiate the interview process. All the shortlisted candidates need to be invited for a formal written and personal interview in order to judge their knowledge. Out of the chosen candidates a final round of interview need to carried in order to ensure the best candidate. Offer letter is given to the candidate who is chosen by the interviewer. Finally the Chosen candidate is asked to give final confirmation about the job which he has opted. It is necessary to seek all proper information in advance (Harvey & Allard, 2015). HRM is all about keeping systematic information about filing the right place in the organization. An organization can only achieve success if it recruitment team is already well-trained. In today’s competitive scenario this has become evident to recruit the best employees. CERA has to involve a diversified workforce in order to attain desired result. Assembling people from a different cultural background is necessary for attaining differential results. This has become important foot every organization around the world to include efficient workforce in order to access maximum result (Aytemiz Seymen, 2006). Advice of friends and colleagues are taken serious by maximum number of people while making employment decision.   Most of the decision made b the young generation is affected by the peer and surroundings. A career option according to them depends upon moment of choice. They are particularly opting for those career options which are advised to them by their friends. In a co mpetitive atmosphere the decision related to career options are widely affected due to numerous career options. However it has become important that the external influence for a person is causing a huge amount of pressure while guaranteeing successful career. It is affecting their mental status and providing them with an insight to make a futuristic decision (Shen, Chanda, D'netto & Monga, 2009). It is advice to CERA that they should focus on determining the relevant standard to the organization while improvising the selection procedure. Diversity is much broader than what it is considered by the organization. Human resource needs to promote broad range of policies not only in recruiting diverse workforce but to implement effective procedure. This is necessary for an organization to implement the efficient policies in the organization so that CERA can perform extraordinary by acquiring a pool of efficient workers around the world. Diverse workforce helps in achieving desired results which will help it in receiving long term growth. There is a necessity to implement selection process that understands individual differences. Every individual has a different sort of mindset and it is very important for an individual to ally all the activities to recruit the best out of all. The report is related to implication of diversity management at CERA and the studies relevant manner to at tain goals. The company has been focusing on incorporating diversified human resource in order to attain sustainability. CERA can perform extraordinary by acquiring a pool of efficient workers around the world. They have to frame systematic policies in order to achieve desired result. Aytemiz Seymen, O. (2006). The cultural diversity phenomenon in organisations and different approaches for effective cultural diversity management: a literary review.  Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,  13(4), 296-315. Barak, M. E. M. (2013).  Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bassett?Jones, N. (2005). The paradox of diversity management, creativity and innovation.  Creativity and innovation management,  14(2), 169-175. Cooke, F. L., & Saini, D. S. (2010). Diversity management in India: A study of organizations in different ownership forms and industrial sectors.  Human Resource Management,  49(3), 477-500. Curtis, E. F., & Dreachslin, J. L. (2008). Integrative literature review: Diversity management interventions and organizational performance: A synthesis of current literature.  Human Resource Development Review,  7(1), 107-134. Egan, M. L., & Bendick, M. (2008). Combining multicultural management and diversity into one course on cultural competence.  Academy of Management Learning & Education,  7(3), 387-393. Foster, C., & Harris, L. (2005). Easy to say, difficult to do: diversity management in retail.  Human Resource Management Journal,  15(3), 4-17. Harvey, C. P., & Allard, M. (2015).  Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Henry, O., & Evans, A. J. (2007). Critical review of literature on workforce diversity.  African Journal of Business Management,  1(4). Konrad, A. M., Prasad, P., & Pringle, J. (Eds.). (2005).  Handbook of workplace diversity. Sage. Kossek, E. E., Lobel, S. A., & Brown, J. (2006). Human resource strategies to manage workforce diversity.  Handbook of workplace diversity, 53-74. Labelle, R., Gargouri, R. M., & Francoeur, C. (2010). Ethics, diversity management, and financial reporting quality.  Journal of Business Ethics,  93(2), 335-353. Martà ­n-Alcà ¡zar, F., Romero-Fernà ¡ndez, P. M., & Sà ¡nchez-Gardey, G. (2012). Transforming human resource management systems to cope with diversity.  Journal of Business Ethics,  107(4), 511-531. Mujtaba, B. (2007).  Workforce diversity management: Challenges, competencies and strategies  (pp. 207-229). Llumina Press. Need, W. C. D. H. P. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Pitts, D. (2009). Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from US federal agencies.  Public Administration Review,  69(2), 328-338. Pitts, D. W., & Wise, L. R. (2010). Workforce diversity in the new millennium: Prospects for research.  Review of Public Personnel Administration,  30(1), 44-69. Rice, M. F. (2010).  Diversity and public administration: Theory, issues, and perspectives. ME Sharpe. Shen, J., Chanda, A., D'netto, B., & Monga, M. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: An international perspective and conceptual framework.  The International Journal of Human Resource Management,  20(2), 235-251. Vertovec, S., & Wessendorf, S. (Eds.). (2010).  Multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices. Routledge. Wrench, J. (2016).  Diversity management and discrimination: Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the EU. Routledge. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Faith-Based Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Faith-Based Nursing - Research Paper Example According to Miguel Rosa, her among other faith-based nurses, are responsible for series activities in this faith-based healthcare including the provision of health education, taking blood pressure, giving patients referral, and providing immediate critical health concerns such as first aid. Despite their nursing and medical knowledge, these faith-based nurses are believed to have strong theological in attachment in the provision of health care (Anderson and McFarlane, 2010). Therefore, they often combine their services with prayers to ensure that everything they do is per the will of God. According to Miguel, he has created a strong bond with the church and the health care due to her long service to these institutions. Moreover, her remarkable participation in the activity of the church, the church gave her the responsibility of being the head of the deacons. This position has made her serve the church in different capacities especially in the outreach services where he aims at teaching value of the church to the community (Reynolds, 2008). Additionally, he noted that these outreach services have made her have close ties with different community members who often invites her to undertake service delivery at the patients’ homes when necessary (OBrien, 2011). Miguel notes that nurses often offer most of these services voluntarily and without the patients paying for these emergency works among other services offered to them. Another area that he notes that the church takes part in the charitable contributions that he is proud to lead as a form of service delivery (Reynolds, 2008). Notably, the church covers a large region; hence, the contributions of over 800 members are helpful to the successfully drive the church charity activity including the health care.  

How will professional organizations play a role in your professional Assignment

How will professional organizations play a role in your professional life as Network System Administrator - Assignment Example IEEE is also involved in accreditation of professional courses in computing and engineering (IEEE, 2014). ACM and IEEE are two professional organizations that have some great impact on the life of a professional network systems administrator. In computer networking, IEEE 802 is a standard that governs local and metropolitan area networks. The standard defines a set of services and protocols that need to be adhered to in day to day networking thus being an indirect effect to the daily life of a network systems administrator. A more direct responsibility of IEEE to network administration is through membership. The memberships assist the relevant professionals with relevant technology updates. Such updates assist the technician in keeping at bay with any technological improvements relevant for proper maintenance and possible upgrade of their work stations. ACM is directly responsible for the advancement of computing profession through delivery of resources to members thus enabling professional development. ACM has a vast library of resources that serves the members with relevant publications, journals, magazines, workshops and forums. Such materials are very essential for an up to date trending with the current technology. For a network administrator, such information will help him minimize the major threats affecting the work environment, as well keep at pace with any emerging trends that might act to boost the efficiency of the systems under their power. The professional organizations are also responsible for assisting the network administrators as well as other similar professionals with a standard code of ethics that acts as a necessary guide in their routine. A clear code of ethics is requisite in any vocation as it guides the users on what to do and what to steer clear of in order to maintain responsible workmanship. The professional organizations are also protective to workers in legislative and other legal

Critical reponse to a news event Research Paper

Critical reponse to a news event - Research Paper Example He also wonders why such insignificant issues are featured in the news, since such families do not add value to the economy of their country (Fogg WEB). Therefore, according to Fogg, the economy suffers when big families with unemployed parents, are given free housing by the government. However, I tend to disagree with Fogg on this. The woman might not be responsible for her situation. She might not have chosen to have a big family and be unemployed. Therefore, I believe it is morally right for big families with unemployed families to receive any kind of benefits and aid from their government. In this essay, I will therefore, give a critical explanation of the author’s argument, and counter that basing on my own convictions about the whole issue. Fogg is quite judgemental about this situation when Heather Frost is given free housing. He is opposed to this step by the government, and is opposed to the publicity the media gave this issue. According to Fogg, such a family is insi gnificant to the economy of a country. This is a heavy statement, which bears different meanings. Nonetheless, Fogg thinks the government took a wrong step by providing housing to this woman. This is a free world, where everyone is entitled to their opinion, and Fogg just gave his personal views about this case. Nonetheless, different people will view and judge this scenario differently. While some, like Fogg might be opposed to it, others will find reasons enough to justify this step by the government. When Fog claims that this woman and her family, and other families like this are insignificant to the economy, he meant different things. The first thing is that this woman and her partner are both unemployed. When a person is not employed, normally, they will not have salaries to be taxed by the government, except for the basic taxes on goods and services. Therefore, these are not as significant to the economy, as those people with employment. Secondly, people who are unemployed hav e a lower economic status in society. Therefore, this means that their financial capability is low, compared to those who have jobs. These people also have a lower social status in society. Therefore, it is impossible for these to do anything constructive in society. Most projects need finances, therefore, without a financial source; these are not able to engage in any developmental project. Therefore, these lack the power to make any kind of investments. This is why Fogg considers them insignificant and a burden to the economy. Another reason why Fogg considers Frost and her family as insignificant to the economy is because he thinks they are financially crippled, therefore, cannot afford important aspects of life, which lead to personal development, and the development of the society as a whole. For instance, with eleven children, and no job, it is possible that Frost and her husband could have a challenge raising these children. They could probably lack finances to cater for thei r education. Education is basic and core to an economy, therefore, lack of an education derails a country’s economy in different ways. Secondly, Frost and her partner could have difficulties feeding this big family, without a source of income. Nutrition and healthy eating relates to the quality of health of a person. Therefore, the eleven children could possibly be lacking an appropriate diet, considering the fact that their parents lack a source of incom

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children - Essay Example In Australia, 75,000 to 640,000 children get exposure to domestic violence. An Australian study showed that up to 40% of chronically violent teenagers have exposure to extreme domestic violence. These statistics become of great concern when viewed globally. Under these circumstances, children grow up in a very violent environment where they witness the physical abuse that their parents inflict on each other. Furthermore, they hear the fighting noises and threats from their parents. They observe the results of the violent acts such as bloodshed, torn clothing, bruises, tears as well as broken items. This paper seeks to show the effects of domestic violence on children. Psychological effects of domestic violence Children who get exposed to such acts of violence normally develop unnecessary fear and anxiety. They are always waiting for the next violence. They fear that any slight argument may lead to violence. As such, they do not feel safe in the home since they do not know what will t rigger the next violence. They also feel powerless and worthless since they wish they could help, but they are not able to do so. It is this feeling of worthlessness that works against their self esteem. These children feel obliged to safeguard the family secrets. They, therefore, restrain themselves from exposing such secrets to outsiders (Zeck, 1993). For this reason, they look cool and composed from outside even when they are going through the toughest psychological torment. They do not seek help from out of fear of revealing the family secrets. Moreover, such children feel vulnerable and isolated. In some instances, they take the blame for the violence since they think that they are the cause. They grow up without the primary needs of a child such as attention, approval and affection. In such cases, mothers are normally busy trying to keep themselves safe and survive in a violent environment. They, therefore, forget their maternal role to the children. Fathers, on the other hand , struggle to seek control of everyone and forget their paternal role in the upbringing of their children. The children feel psychologically and physically abandoned. Emotional response to domestic violence in children Children may exhibit varied emotional responses to the domestic violence that they continually witness. Such response may include shame, fear, sleep disturbance, guilt, anger, depression among others. Moreover, such a child may also be affected physically by headache, stomachache, loss of concentration and bedwetting. Physical injuries may also come as a result of the struggle in an attempt to intervene during the violence (Gioia & Sims, 1983). Children who experience domestic violence also exhibit a number of behavioral changes in response to the violence. Such change in behavior includes anxiety to pleasing, throwing tantrums as well as withdrawal. This, in effect, affects their school attendance and performance. The children may also exhibit delay in growth and dev elopment. This includes developmental delays such as speech and cognitive skills. The children may also assume violence as a means of self expression and defense. They display increased force and aggression towards their peers. This makes their social lives harder since they are not able to socialize with people. Another adverse effect of domestic violence on children is compensation. In many cases, the children take care of their parents injured in domestic violence as well as their younger siblings. This way, they take up adult roles that are far above their ability. Consequently, there is a delay in the child’s emotional and physical development (Daly, Speedy &Jackson, 2004). Long term Effects of Domestic

IMC PLAN - PURINA PRO PLAN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IMC PLAN - PURINA PRO PLAN - Assignment Example Purina Pro Plan had already run few successful campaigns too in the market, and this drive also has a potential to gain probable customers and can increase sales. Purina Pro Plan is a trustworthy brand from the experts’ point of view and has apparently an image of healthy and nutritious pet food over pet keeper’s mind, providing complete range of cat and dog food. The idea to generate this campaign is that people find difficulties in carrying their pet in flight, a campaign of Purina Pro Plan is offering a two-way fare on International travelling with the validity of 45 days. The company will print two series of code; one in descending order and other one in ascending order. Every pack will have a hidden code. For example: any customer has 67899 and other will have 99876. A person has to post their pet’s picture with his pet food pack, using hashtag #mypurinastarpet and code number. When two people can match their inverse series they can claim with picture and code number to the company and then both pet keepers can have a two-way international ticket for their pet with validity of 45 days. Communication and continuous interaction between the company’s personnel and Purina Pro Plan buyer will increase the visibility of a Brand in the market, it will help to retain brand loyalty and Potential buyers will switch to this Brand. The company is going to run its Advertisements via traditional and nontraditional ways, Internet marketing through social media ads, direct marketing and fliers in college and university campuses and bus stops, teaser advertisements on TV and radio. In nontraditional, Picture booth will be placed at bus stops, public places and at veteran hospitals. The company’s personnel will look over sales, before the campaign start and compare with every passing month. Social engine optimization tool will be used on regular basis to check the users’ response. In case of low engagement, more attractive ads and content will

Issues in Human Sexuality Unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues in Human Sexuality Unit 4 - Essay Example Users very often quickly reveal sexual fantasies, intimate secrets and talk about personal and marital problems (Mileham, 2004). Clearly, this is dangerous and can be very harmful. But is it cheating? There are contradictory opinions regarding this. Those who are in favor of cybersex claim that it cant be defined as cheating because there is no physical contact between the two people having the cybersex, they are only typing and masturbating. Others also say that cybersex is like porn- you do it in order to please yourself, but you dont actually have any contact with others for sex purposes. They claim it is just visual harmless fun. But those who oppose it and claim cybersex is a form of cheating have overwhelming claims, based primarily on logic. When a person is in a monogamous relationship, the one he is with is supposed to be the only with whom he is having an intimate, emotional and sexual relationship. A monogamous relationship means committing to only one person, sharing things with him and experience things with him- and with him alone. If a person is encountering another person for the sake of satisfying his sexual or emotional needs, it doesnt matter that there is no actual physical connection- it is cheating, because it is betraying in the other person that is in the relationship. While this isnt physical cheating, it is an emotional one. This is enhanced due to the fact that the person having cybersex reveals to a complete stranger her innermost hidden sexual fantasies and private feelings and emotions, sometimes revealing information about him and his spouse. This is definitely a situation that port rays betrayal of the person in his spouse, and consequently can most certainly be defined as cheating.

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay Example for Free

The Conquest Of Mexico Essay The Spaniards, in the conquest of the Mexican people, relied just as heavily on chance and luck as they did on their on their skills on diplomacy and military prowess. The sicknesses that the Spaniards brought over with them in addition to the political situation that the Mexica had established with their neighbors is what really brought about the downfall of the great Mexican civilizations. In addition to these factors there was also the fact that up to this point in history the Americas have had very little in the way of contact from the outside world and consequently had next to no knowledge of the civilizations across the sea. When they first encountered the Spanish Conquistadors they held the belief that they were from the gods and that Cortez was the reincarnation of one of their gods and as such welcomed them with open arms. When you take into consideration all of the factors mentioned above you will see that the conquest of Aztecs and other Native American civilizations by the Spanish was accomplished by three major factors: diplomacy, military prowess, and no small amount of luck. The first of those factors is the diseases that the Europeans brought across the Atlantic with them. The most notable disease that caused the majority of the deaths among the Native American people was the pestilence of smallpox. An account of just how devastating smallpox was among a populace whose immune systems had no prior experience with or any way to combat European diseases can be found in book twelve of the Florentine Codex. â€Å"Before the Spaniards came to us, first an epidemic broke out, a sickness of pustules. It began in Tepeilhuitl. Large bumps spread on people; some where completely covered. They spread everywhere, on the face, the head, the chest, etc. [The disease] brought great desolation, a great many died of it. (Lockhart, 1993, 190)† The account goes on to describe the horrors that the disease had left behind in the lives of those who were lucky enough to survive. Many of the survivors had been left horribly scared or even blinded if they were unlucky enough for the disease to spread into their eyes. The main reason that these diseases had such a devastating effect on the natives and not on the Spaniards is the fact that the natives had very little in the way of domesticated animals. The Europeans had for thousands of years been in possession of a great many domesticated animal, such as pigs, horses, chickens, and cows, and it is these animals that are usually the incubators and carriers of a great many deadly diseases. Since the Europeans had been around them for so long their immune systems had adapted to the situation and were able to combat the diseases. The Aztecs had no such advantage. The deadly diseases of Europe were something completely new to them and their immune systems had no way to combat them. The Spaniards had no compunctions about taking advantage of the situation in their conquest of Mexico. Another huge factor that the Spanish had in their favor was the superior weapons that they had at their disposal and huge advantage that the weapons gave them in battle. The Aztec people were severely limited in the type of weapon that they could wield in battle due to the simple fact that their civilization had never discovered the art of metallurgy which Europe had discovered long prior. The weapons that they created were made from wood and stone. One such weapon that the majority of the Aztec warriors had in their possession is described in the book titled Victors and Vanquished. â€Å"Their primary weapon was a kind of wooden sword set with obsidian blades designed for slashing and incapacitating rather than killing an opponent. (Schwartz 2000 11)† The weapons of the Aztec warriors were all similar to that in that they were designed to incapacitate instead of kill. The entire reason for the Aztecs to be at war was the capture of prisoners that they could sacrifice to their gods. The Spaniards were not like that. Their weapons were designed for one purpose, to kill. Many of those weapons, such as the musket or crossbow, had a much greater range than any of the weapons that the natives could field in battle and they had no answer at all to the power of the Spaniards canons. The one factor that made all of every weapon that the Spaniards had at their disposal superior to any Aztec weapon is the simple fact that they were made of steel. There was one obstacle that the Conquistadors had that would prevent them from overwhelming the Aztecs even with their superior weaponry. That aforementioned obstacle was the fact that the Spanish only numbered in the hundreds while the Aztecs had their entire civilization backing them. The way that they were able to overcome that obstacle was through the art of diplomacy. The constant invasions and taking of prisoners by the Aztecs for their human sacrifices had earned them many enemies among their neighbors. When Spain began its exploration of the new world those very same neighbors saw their chance to finally bring about the destruction of their oppressors. An example of this can be found in a Spanish account of the invasion of Chapultepec. â€Å"The war was sustained fiercely on both sides, since on our side we had the help of many Tlaxacalan warriors †¦(Aguilar, 1993, 196)† The constant warfare and human sacrifice that the gods of the Aztecs demanded of them had finally helped to bring about the downfall of that great civilization. There was no one thing that brought about the downfall of the Mexican people. It was a conglomeration of events that finally toppled the great civilizations. The sicknesses and plaques that the Europeans brought over with them played no small part. The way in which the natives waged war was also a significant factor. The factor that really broke the back of the Aztecs was the constant need for human sacrifice. In their dealings with their neighbors they had created the foundation that Spaniards used for the negotiating of allies in the conquest of Mexico. In this collision of two previously separate worlds it was the Spanish who came out as the victor and the Aztecs as the vanquished.

What Is Catholic Marriage Religion Essay

What Is Catholic Marriage Religion Essay In this chapter I will first attempt a definition of marriage and more specifically Catholic marriage; I will then review existing literature on the topic and present different views about cohabitation, reasons why people get married, expectations about marriage among Maltese individuals, the changes in marital traditions and also the Cana Movement. From the beginning of the second century to the middle of the 20th Century the catholic tradition institution, viewed and modelled marriage as a procreative institution-a stable, social and religious institution in which a man and a woman became husband and wife to procreate children. Their procreative activity, which defined marriage, included not only to the creation of a child but also to the development of motherhood and fatherhood and the fabrication of a functioning adult. Since the parents life expectancy was not long beyond the early adulthood of their children, marriage was therefore easily defined as lifelong. In truth this procreative institution is the result of a contract in which, according to the 1917 Code of Canon Law, each party gives and accepts a perpetual and exclusive right over the body for acts which are of themselves suitable for the generation of children (Canon 1081, 2) (Lawler. M ,2001) The Second Vatican Councils Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World describes marriage as a communion of love (No. 47), an intimate partnership of life and love (No.48). Love between the spouses was declared by the council to be the very essence of marriage. The council underscored its preference for an interpersonal union model by making another important change in the received tradition. Marriage is founded in a conjugal covenant of irrevocable personal consent (No. 48). The legal word contract gives way to the biblical word covenant, a word saturated with overtones of mutual steadiest and personal love, qualities that are now applied to marriage. (Lawler. M ,2001) Adrian Thatcher in his book Marriage after Modernity: Christian Marriage in post modern times describes marriage as a universal institution which theologically speaking is given with creation itself, But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female. 7For this cause shall a man leave his father and mother, and cleave to his wife; 8And they twain shall be one flesh: so then they are no more twain, but one flesh (Mark 10: 6 8).He explains that marriage is an eminently human love, a love that brings together the human and the divine. Therefore married couples are capable of being simultaneously recipients and mediators of that relational love of God which led to the creation of the world and restored through Christ. The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains marriage as a sacrament of Matrimony in which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, it is by its nature regimented for the good of the spouses and the education and procreation of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the solemnity of a sacrament. It is very interesting to note how romantic marriage has only been common in the west for quite a short period of time. In fact according to sociologist Anthony Giddens (1997), modern ideas of romantic marriage had not been common or accepted even as late as the 1500s. On the other hand religious institutions saw marriage as pragmatic solution to unhealthy sexual emotions and not something to be done for affection, romance or satisfaction. Attitudes towards marriage Without any doubt peoples own family life experiences is major influence on their multidimensional development, and hence different people have different views, expectations and reasons for marriage. Ones home is the starting point, for one to learn about marriage, this is because parents continuously teach their children what partnership involves and what its like by following in the footsteps of their parents marital relationship .In fact Toben and Joanne Heim (2000) think that where you come from and your family history lies beneath just about every issue youll face in your entire marriage not just in the first year (p.17). The quality of the ones parents marital relationship and also the quality of attachment to ones parents and siblings is influenced by the adjustment in marital relationships .Azzopardi (2007). The effect of parental conflict and divorce on childrens attitudes toward marriage has been examined by a number of researchers. Some studies have shown that children of divorced parents: do worse than those in intact families in several aspects of their development (Dowling Gorell Barnes, 1999; 2000) are fearful and anxious about their own future marriage (Schwartberg, 1981; Sorosky, 1977) and have a negative view of marriage (Kelly, 1981; Long, 1987). Also Children from broken homes, predominantly daughters, are less interested in marriage (Booth, Brinkerhoff, White,1984) and have low expectations and evaluations of marriage (Long, 1987). On the other hand some research has indicated that it is not parental separation and divorce per se that influence expectations of marriage but it is family integration (Coleman Ganong, 1984). In the study by Kalter (1987), Grych and Fincham (1990), and Markland and Nelson (1993), which involved college students, found that conflict and inter-parental hostility is a key feature influencing young adults expectations of marriage. It was therefore concluded that children who are exposed to such conflicts seem to form pessimistic impressions of marriage. In contradiction Muench and Landrums (1994) research suggest that family dynamics play an important role in expectations of marriage formation. Therefore, even though some peoples expectations of happiness and success in marriage may have been tainted by prior experience (divorced parents), they still strongly desire having a positive marital and family relationship (Jones Nelson, 1996, p.173). Similarly, Coleman and Ganong (1984), and Jones and Nelson (1996) did not find significantly different attitudes towards marriage between low and high conflict background individuals. These different results suggest for the requirement for further research on the subject. The media have also been attributed with the power to influence peoples expectations of marriage. However, there is yet to be evidence for this claim. (Segrin Nabi, 2002, p.247). Vexen Crabtree explains that marriage consists of many parts. The first is the legal contract, which according to him is the bare bones of what a marriage is . Nevertheless at the end of the day it is our cultural expectations that give marriage more meaning than merely a contractual agreement. He further explains that our upbringing including our culture and stereotyped ideas portrayed in the mass media together with society create unconscious ideal roles that we are under pressure into filling. In fact Rev. Rebecca Densen (2001) states: Marriage partners are also bombarded with role expectations and stereotypes of what it means to be a husband and wife. In general these roles are detrimental to the relationship. People simply cannot fit into pre-set moulds (). Healthy relationships on the other hand are entered into and maintained by individuals free and loving ongoing choice. Also it is very important to note how according to the Constitution of Malta in the second article is says that (1) The religion of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. Therefore one can argue how the laws of ones country reflect and reinforce a citizens perception of an orderly environment and every citizen is bound to abide by them Religious and Traditional Influences Without a doubt religion plays a major role in how a marital relationship is conducted. Although the importance to religion is declining and the Maltese no longer base their life on a singular moral view, religion still plays a major role in the establishment of ideals (Tabone,1994). The 1999 European Values Survey (Abela, 2000) reveals that in spite of the reported secularization (Tabone, 1987) 80% of the Maltese give religion third priority, following the family (first) and work (second). Women generally value religion over work, whereas men give second importance to work, women give priority to religion (Abela, 2000. p.45). Tabone (1994) argues that in spite of traditionalism and institutionalism the church still has a great impact on the individual In fact, almost all Maltese individuals are baptized, and attend catechism, they receive their first Holy Communion, receive confirmation, and generally marry in the Church. Tabone continues that regardless of their faith (p.295). About 75% of all marriages are sacramentalised in church (Archdiocese of Malta, 2003; L-Orizzont, 2004). Consequently Maltas culture, tradition, and social life relation to religious activity may point out how the Maltese may find it hard to separate from the religious familiarity in ones life. Nevertheless, it is quite evident that values could be changing especially amongst the Maltese youth .in one recent survey conducted by the University Chaplaincy in 2009 on the subject of religious practices among University students, 91% claimed to be Catholics. With regards to confession, 36.7% never receive this sacrament. 68% report to attend mass on a regular basis, while 32.4% rarely or never do. With regards to religious beliefs the highest percentages were for belief in God (93.5%), Jesus the Son of God (81.2%), Mary, the mother of God (78.4%), The Holy spirit (75%) The Trinity (74.8%), God the creator of all that exists (74%).A lower amount of participants responded yes, in relation to their belief in Afterlife (68.5 + %), The incarnation of Jesus (67.1%), The Virginity of Mary, the mother of God (65.4 +%), Heaven and Hell (65.4%), The Devil (63.9%). When asked about morality, 62.9% state that Abortion is always morally wrong, 43.8% said that divorce is morally wrong, 14.7% see contraception as morally wrong. 24.0% state that pre-marital sexual intercourse as prohibited and 73.5% approve of premarital cohabitation. Moreover 9.5% wrote that abortion can be carried out in the case of a disabled child, while 56.7% said that divorce should be legalised in Malta and 44.3% have practised sexual intercourse in the past year. Another verification of declining religiosity is the 2006 Sunday Mass Attendance Census (Inguanez, 2006) which revealed an 11% fall in church attendance among the Maltese since 1995. So the question of why one still chooses to marry in the church remains. As cited in a qualitative study carried out by Azzopardi (2007) all the couples saw marrying in the church as an automatic and unquestionable construction. Many influences were seen throughout the interviews including Cultural and extended family influences. They did not reflect on the true understanding of a Catholic marriage and its distinctive requirements. In fact when asked some of the couples stated Im doing it to make him happy or my parents would have thrown me out, Therefore in this study the construction of marrying in the church emerged as one of the tensions between secularism and traditionalism. Most of the participating couples, viewed marrying in the church as a public statement of their commitment as opposed to a sacramental union. Also narratives about the visual and lavish aspects of Maltese weddings sustain the idea. In fact in 2002 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.5 million was spent amongst 2240 weddings, bringing the average wedding expenses to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 7900 (L-Orizzont , 2003). On the other hand during the interview many couples admitted that if it was up to them, they would have done nothing of the kind. Cohabitation Marriage is an institution which can join together peoples lives in a wide range of behaviours including those economic and emotional. In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household uniting the married couple, with the married couple living together under the same roof, often sharing the same bed, however in some other cultures this is not the tradition, and opt for cohabitation ( Paul, 2006). A cohabiting couple is a co-resident man and woman, living together within a sexual union, without that union having been formalised by a legal marriage , (Gordon, 1995). Cohabitants could be engaged couples, common-law husband and wife, or singles living together in a romantic relationship. As said before at present many individuals are opting for cohabitation as opposed to marriage. One can distinguish between 2 types of cohabitation: pre-nuptial and non- nuptial cohabitation. Pre nuptial refers to people who plan to marry and live together first. The latter refers those who live together but do not intend to marry (Thatcher. A, 2001) There are also those who cohabit out of convenience. A growing amount of literature is focused on how and why partners come to cohabit. According to one study, when asked why they began sharing a household, many people reported that they entered it without much thought (Manning Smock, 2005). Another study found that when asked the same question, mos t reported that they wanted to spend more time together and that it was more convenient than living apart (Rhoades, Stanley, Markman, in press).Some individuals report using cohabitation as a way to test the relationship before marriage, although this type of cohabitation represented only a small minority in one study (Rhoades et al., in press).Many cohabiting individuals report that they plan to marry their current partner (Brown Booth, 1996). The Church of England report, titled Something to celebrate states further reasons for cohabitation, these include reaction to the clear failure of traditional patterns of partner selection, courting, marriage and setting up home, the ability to avoid or delay conception through reliable contraception, the wish to avoid promiscuity, the wish to avoid the possible consequences of being married, such as the cost of a legal divorce or of a grand wedding. Other reasons include peer pressure; saving on rent; or waiting to conclude higher education. (Thatcher A, 2001). Hence I question why people go into all the trouble of getting married in the church when they could easily cohabit without any problems. In reality it is more problematic to marry in the church as opposed to cohabiting or marrying civilly. According the Maltese Marriage Act Chapter 255 ,Catholic marriage means a marriage celebrated in accordance with the norms and formalities of Canon Law or with a dispensation therefrom granted by the competent organ in accordance with Canon Law; In fact the Catholic Church together with the law teaches that for one to marry in the church one of the partners must be a baptized Christian .Both partners do not have to be Catholic in order to be sacramentally married in the Catholic Church, but both must be baptized Christians (and at least one must be a Catholic). Non-Christians cannot receive the sacraments. For a Catholic to marry a non-Catholic Christian, permission is required from his or her bishop. A Catholic can marry an unbaptized person, but such marriages are natural marriages only and not sacramental marriages. The Church, therefore, discourages them and requires a Catholic who wishes to marry an unbaptized person to receive a special dispensation from his or her bishop. Still, if the dispensation is granted, a non-sacramental marriage is valid and can take place inside of a Catholic church Legal prohibitions on marriage between close blood relatives are prohibited by the church. Before 1983, marriages between second cousins were prohibited. Today, second-cousin marriages are allowed, and, under some circumstances, a dispensation can be obtained to allow a first-cousin marriage. However the Church still discourages such marriages. If one of the partners, Catholic or non-Catholic Christian, has been married before, he or she is free to marry only if his or her spouse has died or he or she has obtained a declaration of nullity from the Church. The sheer fact of a divorce is not sufficient to prove the nullity of a marriage. During marriage preparation, you must inform the priest if you have been married before, even in a civil ceremony. They must also be of opposite sex .Marriage, by definition, is a lifelong union between one man and one woman. The Catholic Church does not recognize, even as a civil marriage, a contracted relationship between two men or two women. Finally it is a myth that some Catholics only see the inside of a church when they are carried (at Baptism), married, and buried. But since marriage is a sacrament, and for the sacrament to be properly received the Catholic partners in a marriage must be in good standing with the Church. This not only means normal Church attendance but also avoidance of scandal, for example cohabitation. Furthermore research about married couples has shown that they enjoy a better standard of living than single individuals (Waite Gallagher, 2000; Hirschi, Altobelli Rank, 2003). They also e have better physical and psychological well-being (Schoenborn, 2004; Williams, 2003). Additionally children are most likely to succeed when brought up in a happily married couple. (Amato Booth, 1997; Mc Lahahan Sandefur, 1994; Ford, Goodman Meltzer 2004) The Change in Marriage Values and Traditions In Thatchers (1999) book titled Marriage after Modernity Christian Marriage in postmodern times David Lyon refers to the term modernity to the social order that emerged following Enlightenment. This includes the many changes that occurred from the mid sixteenth century onward in all fields. As a result of all the changes based on science, economy, democracy or law, modernity is continuously questioning all the conventional ways of doing things. As a result he explains that it unsettles the self; if identity is given in traditional society, in modernity it is constructed. Without any doubt marriage is entangled in the changes signified by the transition from modernity to post modernity as it is a historical and social institution. Peter Hodgson states that although modernity has given us many gains such as rationality, freedom, dialogue, human rights, subjectivity etc Its has also resulted in a series of crises including cognitive, historical, political, socioeconomic, religious, economic, sex and gender. In fact : The sexual revolution has exposed the repression deeply ingrained in Western culture and Christianity, but it has also led to a great deal of freedom of sexual practice beginning in adolescence, much of it destructive, and it has rendered problematic all of the established sexual institutions, including the nuclear family and marriagethere is also a gender crisis the beginning of the ending of patriarchy as a way of organizing male- female relations and distributing social power. To add on undoubtedly marriage is one of the established sexual institutions which have been affected by the crises of modernity. The sexual crisis unmasks the linkage of religious beliefs with sexual repression and calls into question the authority of scripture on issues vital to human sexuality, while the gender crisis is disrupting long established ways of imagining divine power and presence, namely in androcentric and patriarchal terms (Hodgson, Winds of the Spirit p. 62). Consequently Hodgson believes that the above mentioned crises resulting from modernity have led to the absence of God in postmodern consciousness. According to Franà §oise Zonabend, a French anthropologist, the instability of the marriage institution is due to the increasing number polygamous marriages between women, The  divorces and remarriages, the free unions and the common law marriages which are on the increase in Western societies, also point to the vulnerability of the institution and show above all that the functions that have been ascribed to marriage-the transfer of goods, the sexual division of labour, the solidarity between the relations, rearing of children-cannot be the consequence of any natural imperative. Therefore we can only call for a rethinking of the universality and durability of marriage. In an article by Don S Browning titled Christian Ethics and the Family debate: An Overview it is stated that there are many different reasons for these crisiss that are happening in todays Western Society. He explains how many Conservatives, neo-conservatives, and some neo-liberals highlight the importance of cultural values; they claim that values have changes and largely for the worse. As an example Neo-liberals for instance David Popenoe and Robert Bellah, and also historians like Edward Shorter and Lawrence Stone, place emphasis on the rise of Enlightenment individualism. Conservatives such as James Dobson claim modern society is more immoral and does not respect marital, family, and parental commitments as before. Moreover demographers such as Ron Lesthaege and Larry Bumpass talk about individualism to explain the escalating family fragmentation. Additionally deteriorating economic conditions and decreased welfare support for the family crises are blamed by many Marxist, liberal, progressive, and many liberal-feminists. Max Weber, Alan Wolfe and Jà ¼rgen Habermas stress the spread of technical reason as the causative factor. They explain how technical reason can mean two different things: one being market logistics enter the private lives of families and as a consequence replace family loyalties with an ethical-egoist and cost-benefit mentality. The other reason can be stated in bureaucracies which take over family functions and as a result make them dependent client populations. The Economy also plays a role in this change. In fact economists Diane Reglis and Victor Fuchs describe how during the 1980s and 90s economy has been declining and this shift has influenced families negatively. Accordingly many social changes are caused because of these economic changes like Legal changes: the legal recognition of domestic partnerships, divorce and the trend toward the deinstitutionalization of the family which all account to the shift in family values. One can also mention Psychological factors. In fact Frances Goldscheider and Linda Waite, state that the family crisis results from the fact that mens commitment to housework and child care has not been in line with womens opening into the salary economy. Evolutionary psychologists go on to reveal how evolutionary forces have created uneven reproductive strategies between males and females. They point out that males of most mammalian species procreate as widely as possible with a range of females however do not become concerned in the care of their offspring. The Cana Movement The Church organizes marriage preparation course with the hope of increasing Catholic values among Maltese families. Courting couples preparing for marriage attend the compulsory marriage preparation course as indicated by the Church. The course aims to help couples in their preparation for the sacrament of marriage to arrive at a better evaluation of their relationship and their commitment to each other, and to a Christian marriage. It consists of eight group sessions addressing eight different topics from a Christian perspective. The courses are organized through one of its voluntary Organizations, the Cana Movement, which was set up to promote Catholic family life among the Maltese. For my study I chose people participating in this course as they without doubt intend to marry in the Catholic Church. Marriage education is widely practiced within the Catholic communities. In Malta the marriage preparation course is a compulsory step for those choosing to marry in the Church. One of the courses aims is the teaching of a realistic framework of marriage with the hope of reducing unrealistic expectations in various areas of married life. However, the multi-vocal bombardment of ideals from tradition, culture, and media might impede the courses from having the desired effect. On a much larger scale, Stanley et al. (2006) carried out a representative survey across four American states and found participation in premarital courses to be associated with lower levels of conflict, higher satisfaction and commitment in marriage, and reduced the chance of divorce. It is suggested that participation in premarital education such as the Cana movement generally benefits couple relationships over time.

death of a salesman :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalism in â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, is undermining to the human spirit and human condition. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, money was the Loman’s biggest issue. That’s is not to say that if he had money it would not have made things better. Willy left home with financial problems, he came home with financial problems. To Willy it was never enough. He never made enough, he wasn’t the man that he portrayed to be to the children. But with Willy it was always his bills, bills, bills. â€Å"Willy: What do we owe? Linda: Well, on the first there’s sixteen dollars on the refrigerator- Willy: Why sixteen? Linda: Well, the fan belt broke, so it was a dollar eighty. Willy: But it’s brand new. Linda: Well, the man said that’s the way it is. Till they work themselves in, y’know. Willy: I hope we don’t get stuck on that machine. Linda: They got the biggest ads of any of them! Willy: I know, it’s a fine machine. What else? Linda: Well, There’s nine-sixty for the washing machine. And for the vacuum cleaner there’s three and a half due on the fifteenth. Then the roof you got twenty-one dollars remaining. Willy: It don’t leak, does it? Linda: No, they did a wonderful job. Then you owe Frank for the carburetor.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  QUALLS 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Loman, was the wife of Willy Loman. She never complained about money, her biggest issue was to make sure that her husband didn’t run himself raggedy with mental problems. She always thought that they would make it. Linda was very assertive, and never had anything bad to say. â€Å"Willy: You’re not worried about me, are you, sweetheart? Biff: What’s the matter? Happy: Listen! Linda: You’ve got too much on the ball to worry about.

Black Panthers Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1966, the national Black Panther party was created. Their platform and it’s ideals struck a chord with blacks across the country, especially in the inner cities of the north. The Panthers were able to organize and unite these blacks. This alarmed the federal government. They instituted many controversial, illegal programs of harassment, infiltration, and instigation which led to the deaths of many Panthers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From their inception, the Black Panthers were treated with disdain and contempt. The Panthers wrote out a platform called â€Å"What We Want, What We Believe.† There ideas and methods appealed greatly to blacks. The past few years had seen the civil rights struggle rise, and had left many blacks with the feeling that not enough was being accomplished. Many Blacks shared the view of the Panthers in that violence was needed to defend themselves until true equality could be achieved. Aside from being militant, the Panthers did things that helped the community. They set up breakfast, and helped people to clean up their neighborhoods. The Black Panthers gave many urban black communities a sense of unity and identity that they hadn’t had before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Panther’s rhetoric of violence alarmed the government. In March of 1968, the Panther newspaper printed this warning to police, â€Å"Halt in the name of humanity! You shall make no more war on unarmed people. You will not kill anothe...

The Presidential Debates Between Bill Clinton And Dole :: essays research papers

The Presidential Debates Between Bill Clinton and Dole The presidential debates between democratic President William Clinton and Republican Senator Robert Dole proved to be a game of "dodge-ball". Bob Dole fired criticism and attacks while Clinton tried to "dodge" them. Dole attacked him on most of his ideas, and his tendency to exaggerate. Clinton avoided the lies he made since the 1992 presidential campaign (brought up by Dole, of course) by revealing all that he accomplished for the good of the people. Clinton focused on politics at a federal level at home, and tried to avoid foreign affairs. Dole based his debate on a state or local level. They both had separate ideas on different topics such as education, taxes, etc. They used these opposite ideas to attack each other. The debates went smoothly through the first minutes without a lot of conflict but shortly into the debate Clinton makes his claim that "The United States is better off now than it was four years ago". Dole attacks by saying "He's (Clinton) better off than he was four years ago". Although it cracked a few laughs, it showed how little respect he has for Clinton and how desperate he is getting to resort to such cheesy remarks. The first several minutes of the debate had Clinton summarizing all that he has done in the past four years such as 10.5 million more jobs, the Brady Bill, and Family, Medical, and educational bills. In turn Dole complains that the United States has stagnant wages, and that 40% of wages are spent on taxes. On the topic of drug use in the United States Clinton claimed that cocaine use decreased 30% and crime decreased as well. Dole soon reacted by saying, rather sarcastically that drug abuse has doubled and for so much money that has been spent on crime little has changed. Throughout the debates Clinton claims he has done so much good for the country such as cutting the size of government, and stimulating economic growth. In return Dole would blame him for exaggerating and stealing credit for other's work such as governors, senators, etc. Clinton did little direct attacking but at one point, for example, he criticized Dole's 550 billion dollar "scheme" to cut Medicare and Social Security. Clinton and Dole showed very different views on education. Clinton observed education as dependent on the federal government program for funding. Bob Dole believes that education should be brought more local, and on a state level. Dole wants to cut all federal programs and move programs such as Health Care, Medicare, etc., to more of a state level.

A Tale of Two Cities

Every city is unique in its own way and has features that make it well-known and stand out from the rest. Each city is identified by something famous that can be seen in it. Dubai and Delhi are two cities that are known. The things to do, the nature and beauty, and level of development in Dubai and Delhi are quite different from each other. Dubai and Delhi have various things to do and places to go. Firstly, Delhi is a historical city with a lot of monuments from the 13th century A. D. Monuments such as the Kutub Minar, Red Fort which is a very old building made completely from spices and rock instead of cement, Parliament House which gives a glimpse of the British architecture. There is the well-known Connaught Place which is a shopping paradise as all the goods are low-priced. On the other hand, Dubai is a new city which was formed 40 years ago. The tallest building in the world resides in Dubai and it has various malls with several choices of shopping and very competitive prices because of no custom duty, therefore it is called the free port. Dubai also has the largest gold market in the world with tons of gold being displayed with minimal security. There are other activities such as dune bashing and deep see fishing. Dubai has a lot of sun throughout the year. Hence its white sandy beaches are quite popular with the citizens and tourists. Secondly, the nature and beauty of Delhi and Dubai are quite similar, from the exotic rose gardens and Mughal gardens to the River Yamuna flowing by the edges of Delhi. A lush green canopy of trees surrounds the entire city of Delhi. Likewise, Dubai has a lot of greenery with water bodies throughout the city. There are parks with all facilities such as play areas, barbeque pits and fountains. Both Delhi and Dubai have zoos with all sorts of animals to look out for. Furthermore, Dubai has 8 months of excellent weather extending from October to May. Whereas, Delhi has extreme weather, either it’s really hot or really cold. Lastly, the level of development in both cities has increased considerably over the years. The infrastructure is built to an A-class city level due to the Common Wealth games that were recently held. Delhi also has a very convenient metro system that connects to all parts of the city. Commuting from one are to another is quite effortless because of the auto rickshaws. The transport system runs on the CNG, therefore pollution levels have been reduced to a considerable level. Dubai has excellent infrastructure with wide roads and state of the art building. It is a new city that has been built to perfection in the last 10 years. Dubai also has a world class metro system with driverless trains connecting to all parts of Dubai and it is also connected to buses which are available at every corner of the street. Ferries also run for people wanting to cross the creek from Bur Dubai to Deira and back. In addition, the population of Delhi is very high. It is almost equal to the population of the whole of U. A. E. Therefore traffic is very high due to a large number of vehicles on the road. The traffic in Delhi is probably twenty times more than it is in Dubai. The crime rate in Dubai is very low and you can move around the city at 2 am without any fear as Dubai police is very efficient. This is not the case in Delhi. The crime rate is quite high and being out of the house after sunset is at your own risk. In conclusion, these two cities are very different from each other and at the same time share some similarities. Factors such as the things to do, nature and level of development make the two cities unique in their own way. A Tale of Two Cities Chapter 1 – Five Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manette’s release? 2. Describe the interior of Tellson’s Bank and its employees. 3. Who is the odd – job man of Tellson’s Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What hint is given as to Mr. Cruncher’s night occupation? 6. Describe Mr. Cruncher’s treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business stock consist? 8. What further hint is given by young Jerry as to his father’s night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. Describe the entrance of the prisoner. 4.Describe the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoner’s name? 7. Give an account in detail of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the notice of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A Disappointment 1. What is the name of the man who revealed the prisoner’s guilt? 2. Not e the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3. What is Mr. Lorry’s testimony? 4. What is the effect of Miss Manette’s testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its effects? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought about by the prisoner’s lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Cruncher’s night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by Miss Manette’s faintness? Chapter 4 – Congratulatory 1. Why did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Carton’s attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 – The Jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Carton’s method of working. 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted life? Chapter 6 – Hundreds of People 1. What is Dr. Manette’s means of support? 2. Who frequently visits the home of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset about? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the â€Å"Hundreds of People† appear at the home? 8. Recount the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 – Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer – General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the Marquis? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of compensation did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the pres ence of Madame Defarge with her knitting? Chapter 8 – Monseigneur in the Country 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What request of Monseigneur is made by the poor woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road mender. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 – The Gorgon’s Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. Exactly what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 –Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnay’s occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette respond favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryver’s opinion of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his character? 3. How does Stryver feel about Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about Carton’ s marrying? Why does he give it? Chapter 12- The Fellow of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. Lorry’s reaction to Mr. Stryver’s announcement of his intention to propose to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be accepted? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 – The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucie’s words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 – The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose f uneral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerry’s trade? 7. What did he announce on returning home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the father’s words. 11. What did young Jerry do? 12. What did young Jerry discover? 13. Describe the â€Å"fishing† and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the â€Å"fishing† expedition did young Jerry make the following morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellson’s Bank.Chapter 15 – Knitting 1. What important item in the story’s plot is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a secret? 5. Who rela tes the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the public conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 – Still Knitting 1. What is Barsad doing in France? 2. Were French police in league with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in store for Barsad? 4. What made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the function of the rose? 7. What does Madame’s description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get information about the people’s attitude about the assassin Gaspard’s execution? 9. Explain DeFarge’s reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsad’s news of the approaching marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 – One Night . What does D r. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What kind of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 – Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spent? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the bridal couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 – An Opinion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manette’s permission? Chapter 20 – A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay answer? 3. What is Stryver’s comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 – The Sea Still Rises 1. What news doe s DeFarge bring to the wine shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the mob? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply – â€Å"Eh, well, almost†Ã¢â‚¬â€to DeFarge’s remark, â€Å"At last it is come, my dear! ? Chapter 23 – Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone Rock 1. What is a â€Å"loadstone†? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in London? 3. Who is going to Paris to retrieve bank records? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay write? A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities is not just about the struggles of Paris and London, during the time of the French Revolution. It is also about the social injustice and the struggle for class vengeance. One character, Madame Defarge, is tied into all of this. This stern, bitter woman has a loathing monster in her soul. Towards the end of the book, the reader discovers why she is so resentful of the upper class. Nevertheless, in the beginning of the book the reader ascertains that Dickens takes a side; he considers the rebels little better than savages. Dickens frequently makes the connection that the anarchy of the mob in France could also occur in England. For example, at Rodger Cly's funeral, the mob raids shops and sets fire to various objects. Dickens subtly points out how this is also happening in France during the French Revolution, except in France it is at a much higher scale. When this was written, in 1859, Charles Dickens tries to warn England not to allow the chaos of France to come to England. Even though Dickens says the mob is wrong, he maintain that the uppercases treated the lower class as human at their disposal. The story of the Marquis' murder of Madame Defarge's brother and the rape of her sister describes how the aristocrats maltreated the peasants and how that is past of the struggle for justice. On a smaller scale, the killing of Gaspard's boy is yet again a social injustice to the commoners of France. The Marquis St. Evremonde has once more killed an innocent victim. The aristocrats have brought much pain, mental and physical, to the revolutionaries. Dickens, to show how cruel the aristocrats had been, has Monsiegneur momentarily stop and give the father a coin for the loss of his son. The working class of France was abused and demanded vengeance. But soon, paradoxically, the commoners are in charge. Social injustice again spreads, like a disease, to everyone. The tables are turned and now the criminals are the jailers and the jailers are the criminals. Even the innocent workers of the aristocrats are imprisoned. The lower class goes so far with vengeance that they lose sight of the main goal, to stopping injustice. Again the innocent are victimized, such as the poor woman behind Sydney Carton on his way to the La Guillotine. Furthermore, even those who disavow their family are punished. This is the situation of Charles Darnay who is being punished for his family crimes. Soon it is the aristocrats who are dealing with a class struggle of their own. At a glance, A Tale of Two Cities shows the struggles of two cities during this stressful time period, but if the reader looks closer they can see that it is truly about the class struggle and the vengeance of repressed people in London and Paris. A Tale of Two Cities Chapter 1 – Five Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manette’s release? 2. Describe the interior of Tellson’s Bank and its employees. 3. Who is the odd – job man of Tellson’s Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What hint is given as to Mr. Cruncher’s night occupation? 6. Describe Mr. Cruncher’s treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business stock consist? 8. What further hint is given by young Jerry as to his father’s night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. Describe the entrance of the prisoner. 4.Describe the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoner’s name? 7. Give an account in detail of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the notice of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A Disappointment 1. What is the name of the man who revealed the prisoner’s guilt? 2. Not e the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3. What is Mr. Lorry’s testimony? 4. What is the effect of Miss Manette’s testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its effects? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought about by the prisoner’s lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Cruncher’s night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by Miss Manette’s faintness? Chapter 4 – Congratulatory 1. Why did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Carton’s attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 – The Jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Carton’s method of working. 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted life? Chapter 6 – Hundreds of People 1. What is Dr. Manette’s means of support? 2. Who frequently visits the home of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset about? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the â€Å"Hundreds of People† appear at the home? 8. Recount the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 – Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer – General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the Marquis? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of compensation did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the pres ence of Madame Defarge with her knitting? Chapter 8 – Monseigneur in the Country 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What request of Monseigneur is made by the poor woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road mender. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 – The Gorgon’s Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. Exactly what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 –Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnay’s occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette respond favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryver’s opinion of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his character? 3. How does Stryver feel about Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about Carton’ s marrying? Why does he give it? Chapter 12- The Fellow of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. Lorry’s reaction to Mr. Stryver’s announcement of his intention to propose to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be accepted? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 – The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucie’s words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 – The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose f uneral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerry’s trade? 7. What did he announce on returning home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the father’s words. 11. What did young Jerry do? 12. What did young Jerry discover? 13. Describe the â€Å"fishing† and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the â€Å"fishing† expedition did young Jerry make the following morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellson’s Bank.Chapter 15 – Knitting 1. What important item in the story’s plot is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a secret? 5. Who rela tes the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the public conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 – Still Knitting 1. What is Barsad doing in France? 2. Were French police in league with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in store for Barsad? 4. What made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the function of the rose? 7. What does Madame’s description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get information about the people’s attitude about the assassin Gaspard’s execution? 9. Explain DeFarge’s reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsad’s news of the approaching marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 – One Night . What does D r. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What kind of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 – Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spent? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the bridal couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 – An Opinion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manette’s permission? Chapter 20 – A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay answer? 3. What is Stryver’s comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 – The Sea Still Rises 1. What news doe s DeFarge bring to the wine shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the mob? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply – â€Å"Eh, well, almost†Ã¢â‚¬â€to DeFarge’s remark, â€Å"At last it is come, my dear! ? Chapter 23 – Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone Rock 1. What is a â€Å"loadstone†? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in London? 3. Who is going to Paris to retrieve bank records? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay write? A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities is not just about the struggles of Paris and London, during the time of the French Revolution. It is also about the social injustice and the struggle for class vengeance. One character, Madame Defarge, is tied into all of this. This stern, bitter woman has a loathing monster in her soul. Towards the end of the book, the reader discovers why she is so resentful of the upper class. Nevertheless, in the beginning of the book the reader ascertains that Dickens takes a side; he considers the rebels little better than savages. Dickens frequently makes the connection that the anarchy of the mob in France could also occur in England. For example, at Rodger Cly's funeral, the mob raids shops and sets fire to various objects. Dickens subtly points out how this is also happening in France during the French Revolution, except in France it is at a much higher scale. When this was written, in 1859, Charles Dickens tries to warn England not to allow the chaos of France to come to England. Even though Dickens says the mob is wrong, he maintain that the uppercases treated the lower class as human at their disposal. The story of the Marquis' murder of Madame Defarge's brother and the rape of her sister describes how the aristocrats maltreated the peasants and how that is past of the struggle for justice. On a smaller scale, the killing of Gaspard's boy is yet again a social injustice to the commoners of France. The Marquis St. Evremonde has once more killed an innocent victim. The aristocrats have brought much pain, mental and physical, to the revolutionaries. Dickens, to show how cruel the aristocrats had been, has Monsiegneur momentarily stop and give the father a coin for the loss of his son. The working class of France was abused and demanded vengeance. But soon, paradoxically, the commoners are in charge. Social injustice again spreads, like a disease, to everyone. The tables are turned and now the criminals are the jailers and the jailers are the criminals. Even the innocent workers of the aristocrats are imprisoned. The lower class goes so far with vengeance that they lose sight of the main goal, to stopping injustice. Again the innocent are victimized, such as the poor woman behind Sydney Carton on his way to the La Guillotine. Furthermore, even those who disavow their family are punished. This is the situation of Charles Darnay who is being punished for his family crimes. Soon it is the aristocrats who are dealing with a class struggle of their own. At a glance, A Tale of Two Cities shows the struggles of two cities during this stressful time period, but if the reader looks closer they can see that it is truly about the class struggle and the vengeance of repressed people in London and Paris. A Tale of Two Cities Chapter 1 – Five Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manette’s release? 2. Describe the interior of Tellson’s Bank and its employees. 3. Who is the odd – job man of Tellson’s Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What hint is given as to Mr. Cruncher’s night occupation? 6. Describe Mr. Cruncher’s treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business stock consist? 8. What further hint is given by young Jerry as to his father’s night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. Describe the entrance of the prisoner. 4.Describe the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoner’s name? 7. Give an account in detail of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the notice of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A Disappointment 1. What is the name of the man who revealed the prisoner’s guilt? 2. Not e the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3. What is Mr. Lorry’s testimony? 4. What is the effect of Miss Manette’s testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its effects? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought about by the prisoner’s lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Cruncher’s night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by Miss Manette’s faintness? Chapter 4 – Congratulatory 1. Why did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Carton’s attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 – The Jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Carton’s method of working. 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted life? Chapter 6 – Hundreds of People 1. What is Dr. Manette’s means of support? 2. Who frequently visits the home of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset about? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the â€Å"Hundreds of People† appear at the home? 8. Recount the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 – Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer – General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the Marquis? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of compensation did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the pres ence of Madame Defarge with her knitting? Chapter 8 – Monseigneur in the Country 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What request of Monseigneur is made by the poor woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road mender. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 – The Gorgon’s Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. Exactly what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 –Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnay’s occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette respond favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryver’s opinion of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his character? 3. How does Stryver feel about Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about Carton’ s marrying? Why does he give it? Chapter 12- The Fellow of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. Lorry’s reaction to Mr. Stryver’s announcement of his intention to propose to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be accepted? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 – The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucie’s words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 – The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose f uneral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerry’s trade? 7. What did he announce on returning home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the father’s words. 11. What did young Jerry do? 12. What did young Jerry discover? 13. Describe the â€Å"fishing† and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the â€Å"fishing† expedition did young Jerry make the following morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellson’s Bank.Chapter 15 – Knitting 1. What important item in the story’s plot is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a secret? 5. Who rela tes the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the public conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 – Still Knitting 1. What is Barsad doing in France? 2. Were French police in league with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in store for Barsad? 4. What made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the function of the rose? 7. What does Madame’s description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get information about the people’s attitude about the assassin Gaspard’s execution? 9. Explain DeFarge’s reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsad’s news of the approaching marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 – One Night . What does D r. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What kind of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 – Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spent? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the bridal couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 – An Opinion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manette’s permission? Chapter 20 – A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay answer? 3. What is Stryver’s comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 – The Sea Still Rises 1. What news doe s DeFarge bring to the wine shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the mob? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply – â€Å"Eh, well, almost†Ã¢â‚¬â€to DeFarge’s remark, â€Å"At last it is come, my dear! ? Chapter 23 – Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone Rock 1. What is a â€Å"loadstone†? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in London? 3. Who is going to Paris to retrieve bank records? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay write?