Proprietary Rights and Corporate Torts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proprietary Rights and Corporate torts - Essay ExampleThis paper considers some of these cases that employ intentional tort against defendants who have gained wrongful access to company files and properties, and discusses the impact of their use on in incorporate law. Methodology This research paper was conducted initially by gathering suitable materials such as books and cases that ar related to the subject. The method primarily used is data mining on the subject of intentional torts, including classifications thereof, and corporate cases that involve intentional torts. This entailed electronic searches of relevant materials and a subsequent search for primary sources such as cases from various jurisdictions and secondary sources such as books. The next stage is to actually get a write of the sources thus gathered either electronically or on tape. Finally, the data gathered were summarized and presented. Intentional Tort and its Application in Corporate Trespass Cases A look at case law across the country reveals that a number had applied intentional torts in corporate pass cases. This is true in the states of New York, Ohio, Virginia, California and Indiana, among others. In CompuServe Incorporated v Cyber Promotions, Inc and Sanford Wallace, 1 a preliminary injunction was minded(p) to the plaintiff in an action for trespass to chattels. ... Similar cases to the foregoing are AOL v LCGM , 2 AOL v IMS, 3 AOL v NHCD 4 where the defendants were charged with trespass to chattels, among others, under Virginia common law for sending unrequested email advertisements to AOL subscribers, and Hotmail Corporation v Vans Money Pie Inc, 5 where defendant deceitfully used Hotmail accounts as addressees. In all those cases, trespass occurred with intermeddling of personal property without authorization or when the use amounts to the impairment of its value. Other standardised cases are EarthLink, Inc. v Carmack 6 decided in Georgia, and Tyco International (US) Inc. v Doe, 7 decided in New York. Three cases, viz., eBay v. Bidders Edge, 8 Register.com v Verio, 9 and Oyster Software Inc. v. Forms Processing Inc., et al, 10 used crawlers/search robots to search plaintiffs websites. In eBay, auction listings were obtained from the plaintiffs site, in Register.com, domain seduce registrants and in Oyster, meta tags. The courts ruled that the acts constituted trespass to chattel because they interfered with possessory right without authorization and damage ensued. The Sotelo v DirectRevenue, LLC 11 case, on the other hand, involves the use of spyware and the defendant was an internet-based company that provided internet games for download bundled with spyware, which allowed pop-ups while users use the internet. The trespass to chattel was justified due to lack of authority and electronic contact that caused damage to the computer. In Thrifty-Tel, Inc., v Bezenek 12 the defendants were the parents of minors who had tapped into a telephone system by cracking its authorization and access codes using computer technology. Initially tried for conversion, the cause of action was

Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book Essay

Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book - Essay manakinThe essay Analysis of the Book Bitch and the Movie Based on the Book presents the comparative abbreviation of the book Bitch In Praise of Difficult Women and the motion picture Taken based upon the book. In the 2008 movie Taken directed by Pierre Morel was released, the story is a spinoff from Elizabeth Wurtzels book Bitch In Praise of Difficult Women.It used to be that in the grey-haired days, girls and women used to have to be come with everywhere they went. In Medieval Spain, women had to be accompanied by a chaperone when they were asked out by a gentleman who would come calling. There are traces of this in the movie when Liam Neesons character, Bryan, insists that his daughter non goes alone to France. Even when his daughter insists that she is taking her peer and friend Amanda with her to France - who is also 17 years old - Bryan is not convinced that its the best idea. He has a bad feeling about it . His married woman Lenore, however, insists that he will never let his daughter do anything. She will come to later repent urging her husband to allow the teen to go with her friend to Paris. It is when the girls take a trip in a Parisian taxi that things go horribly wrong, and an Albanian gangster kidnaps the girls and sells them into slavery. This is when Bryan, the ex-CIA officer, springs into action - as he is told he only has 96 hours max to save his daughter before she is lost forever. The authors contentions that the way girls and women are perceived today is an accurate portrayal of what goes on in real life.

Risk of Disease due to Heredity and Lifestyle Term Paper Essay

guess of Disease due to Heredity and Lifestyle Term Paper - Essay ExampleThat while both(prenominal) grew up under almost similar conditions, consume more or less similar foods, and with both developing affinity for basketball at early ages, the latters injury that left him with a broken fork during his second year in college would latter change his fortunes forever. Though Johnson remained focused on his studies, the loss of his basketball career was but a painful experience that pushed him into a partying spree that included heavy drinking, with beer alongside buffalo chicken wings and pizza finding way much into his daily diet.Despite the out of the blue(predicate) circumstance that befell his brother, Lida never lost hope, spending hours conditioning his weight both in the gym and by dint of sports in order to scale up the heights that they both started together. Unknown to Lida was the very fact that Johnson has kaput(p) extreme, eating convenience foods, heavy in prot ein, in effect avoiding the strenuous, time consuming fresh food preparation that are usually much healthier. At his graduation, Johnson weighed over 400 pounds, increasing even moreover after securing a job in one of the reputed auditing firms in the country. He, Jonson, would soon be diagnosed with hypertension, type 2 diabetes and mild kidney disease, all of which can be traced within the family lineage. More than anything else, he has more than worsened obesity statistics that the state is fighting so hard to reduce.It is more of a fact that obesity is a holy terror to a healthy lifestyle. The above diseases are more related to poor eating habits and inadequate tangible exercises to help in the burning of excess fats within the body systems, and that more than ever, I am resolute to pursue nutritional information as much possible, ensure the availability of nutrient-rich snacks, model healthy eating habits, and more than anything else, make tremendous efforts in practicing s uch healthy

Response of chapter 2 of Inside Rikers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response of chapter 2 of Inside Rikers - Essay Example restriction may seem alike the easiest way to control crime and punish offenders, but it is not only when effective in reforming criminals. This chapter makes an interesting point that solitary confinement potentiometer be one of the close inhumane psychological punishments for criminals. Criminals are put in a prison house inside a prison with almost all of their liberties controlled. It is a double-edged sword which, unfortunately, reinforces criminal behavior. Wynn stressed Solitary confinement itself can cause a very specific kind of psychiatric syndrome. She is saying that solitary confinement should be considered as a strong independent variable for random violence and self-mutilation, suicidal behavior... She gives examples of how the CPSU breeds the most fiery behaviors and thoughts among criminals which Captain talks about. Captain admits that isolation can turn criminals into worse personalities. He knows how unsa fe it is, for instance, to down a normal life outside prison, knowing that any ex-convict might get back on COs. Through these examples, Wynn and the Captain make a good point on how detaching inmates from social contact and treating them like animals intensify their criminal attitudes and behaviors.Corrections officers are human beings too who are trapped in prison like inmates and they often suffer from the psychological and social effects of their jobs. William West, a former CO, said Its the dirtiest, most thankless job in law enforcement (Wynn). Wynn also cited a joke that accurately portrays the effects of this job on COs Whats the first three things you get when you become a CO? The answer A car. A gun. A divorce. Harry, one of the COs, provides an example of a CO, the first man to be punished with death penalty. Harry has a calm attitude towards COs who turn into criminals themselves, as if he knows that such consequences of

Ase study of topshop-finding its success factors Essay

Ase study of topshop-finding its success factors - Essay ExampleThe erstwhile(prenominal) decade, however, has witnessed the transformation of topflop into an authentic Top-Shop a shop which is not only one of the worlds hottest retailers (Esfahani, 2006, para. 1) solely one which is popularly and consistently regarded as the bastion of cool (Esfahani, 2006, para. 8) by teens and adults. Indeed, in a grocery where success is an ephemeral goal, Topshop is the epitome of success and, through its electronic storefront, seems posed for greater success. With the aforementioned in mind, the identification of Topshops success factors, alongside a determination of whether or not these CSFs have been carried all over to its online storefront, will prove integral to the better understanding of the determinants of e-retail success.Over the past decade, Topshops success has been predicated on supplier quality, flexible responsiveness to market trends and consumer demands/tastes, employee sati sfaction and, ultimately, consumer satisfaction. Analysis of Topshops success and, more importantly, its attention of that success, indicates that one of the leading CSFs is supplier quality. As Esfahani (2006) maintains, Topshop is extremely selective as regards the clothing lines it will adjudge in its store, especially its flagship one, and insists that all goods adhere to quality standards while, at the same time, remain affordable. A second, plausibly as important CSF, is the evident satisfaction displayed by its employees. As both Burney (2004) and Wilson (2005) notes, in immediate par to other fashion retailers and High Street shops where attendees and assistance are quite evidently performing a chore when assisting customers and, while unfailingly polite are quite obviously acting and behaving in abidance with managements instructions, Topshop employees are genuinely interested, helpful and friendly to customers. They appear committed to their

Means of Dispute Settlement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Means of Dispute Settlement - Assignment ExampleIt is highly advocated since it saves the expensive philander fees and reduces the backlog of the court cases. Under the Arbitration Act, the judgment is valid and binding (Twomey and Jennings 26).In mediation, the mediator has no power to induce judgment therefore acting neutral and as a messenger, in presentment of the offer made. However, the mediator might influence the plaintiffs decisions by making statements or views that may affect the plaintiffs choice. Mediation is an efficient process especially where none of the parties have whatever intention of lessening their attitudes towards each other (Twomey and Jennings 26).The reference to a third person is approximately the alike(p) as mediation, though in this case the third party has implied powers to make a decision regarding the difference in question. Since the third party is independent and neutral, the decision reached herein is enforceable and cannot be magical spe lled further. The damages seek are fixed according to the judgment of the mediator (Twomey and Jennings 26).Basically, medarb is an alternative dispute resolution method which almost resembles the arbitration method. However in medarb, the arbitrator who was hearing the facts from both sides of the aggrieved parties also acts as the mediator in that, he presents the offer made by the defendant so as the plaintiff can make a decision (Twomey and Jennings 26).In rent a judge, the parties involved voluntarily hire a discriminatory judge to hear their case. The hired judge acts as referee and hears the case as in the convention trial. After hearing of the case, the judge makes a decision which will be enforceable between the twain parties. Unless, if stated in the contract clause the judgment can be reversed through an appeal (Twomey and Jennings 27).If both parties belong to an association, the dispute is normally resolved by a tribunal formed by the associations. The tribunal is

Methods for Resolving Small Scale Systems Problems Essay

Methods for Resolving Small Scale Systems Problems - Essay ExampleThey discover to the interaction amongst people, processes, data and technology. The dynamism of the societys needs creates distinguishable system challenges at every reach (Hitchins, 2006). As the world grows and becomes more networked, so do the challenges that the systems spunk. In addition, with this growth, adaption and integration, the fusss and challenges increase in size and complexity. With these tasks, different principles and methodologies have been put in place to solve them. Problems with Large photographic plate systems Large scale systems refer to software intensive systems with jumbo amounts of hardware, processes, users and user data. With this kind of scale, umteen problems arise. Examples of swelled scale systems allow in the part of Defense, the global financial markets and the healthcare system among others. Some of the problems that arise in large scale systems include problems caused by human interaction these are caused by the users of the system. High subject of users that interact with the systems causes a large number of problems. These problems may cause the failure of the whole system. This kind of problem after part be lick by making the interaction between the user and the system user friendly. This will reduce the number of errors that will be encountered. The system must also be inventioned in a demeanor that can evolve to fit the needs of all the users and accommodate the evolving trends and changes. Another problem faced is when the design of the system is laid out in a manner that is too tech-centric and doesnt input many factors. When a system is being designed, for it to be effective, it should take into consideration people, the nature of the organization and other factors such as social considerations. When all these things have been considered, any problems arising from these factors can easily be handled. Small scale problems solved wit h large scale principles Small-scale systems are the systems that have a pocket-size number of users, restrict processes and an easily manageable amount of data. These systems are those found within organizations, small firms and fairly small settings. though their resources are easily manageable, they still encounter problems just like any other system. And some of the problems they face are like those faced by large systems and can be solved by large systems principles. One of the problems faced is miscommunication when communication channels break down in a system, problems are encountered and errors that can cause system failure arise. In large-scale systems, the people design principle works in that the people using the system are incorporated (Skyttner, 2006). This can help solve a problem in communication, in the sense that people will design communications protocols that will be favorable for them, hence, less likely to break down. Another principle used is the purpose pr inciple focuses on transaction with only relevant issues and removing the irrelevant ones so as not to lose track of the problem. This applies in small scale systems, in that whenever a problem arises, without the irrelevant aspects, the problem is promptly solved because the probability of on the job(p) on the wrong problem is highly reduced. The systems principle works on the notion that every problem is part of a larger system (Skyttner, 2006). In order to solve the problem, all the dynamics of the components that arrive at up the system must be known and incorporated. In a

Misconception about the corrections system Research Paper

Misconception somewhat the department of corrections system - enquiry Paper ExampleThe concern of the systems is c be and custody of the offenders. Similarly, many people believe that people are taken to corrections system so that they laughingstock be punished. They think that random assignment corrections system place in any inmate in a program is a bod of injustice to the inmates (Rosenblatt 1996). This results in the misconception that the officers at those facilities misuse the law breakers by giving them the harshest form of punishment. They shit to understand that there are rules guiding the officers on what form of punishment to impose on a certain crime.The effective punishment for an offender is imprisonment and if one commits a crime, they will pay by spending time in correctional facilities (Santos 2007). This is a misconception because law breaking is punishable before law. The offenders are forced by these systems into accountability for their actions.Misconception s about corrections system result from lack of information about these systems (Santos 2007). These can be corrected by giving the right information about corrections system. This could be through holding seminars with prisoners or sticking posters in their premises conveying this information. Leaflets about the same can also be circulated for outside world to get to know more about corrections system.The primeval concern of the corrections system is to enforce punishment and rehabilitation to law breakers. However, there are misconceptions meet their way of operations. These misconceptions can be corrected by providing information about corrections

Statistics Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Statistics Project - Research Paper ExampleSo aaccording to minded(p) conditions we state that null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis result beThere are dissimilar statistical mail boats designed to carry out quantitative selective information analysis, the most widely used package is SPSS. SPSS enables the researcher to input raw data modify or reorganize the data once inputted and thusly perform a wide selection of analytical techniques (Blaxter, Hughes & Tight 2001).The scales utilized within the test instruments will be designed to denote the use of detailed statistical algorithms on collected data. Preliminary data analysis will include descriptive statistics, which will encompass univariate analytic techniques such as means, modes and amount deviations, and exploratory descriptive statistics, which will ascertain if the data collected, is normally distributed.So the Pearson correlation (r) of popularity and math pull ahead is equal to -0.368. So according to this sma ll value of correlation coefficient we conclude that there is a week negative association amid these variables. This may imply as popularity level increases, math test tons decreases and vice versa.We use correlation method to determine whether some variable thats not under our reserve is associated - correlated - with another variable of our interest. Correlational studies aim at identifying relationships in the midst of variables.So i running play StatisticBy using formulat = , = = = -1.1194Scatter PlotCritical Regiont 2.048Do not reject Ho, because the calculated value is not fall in the critical region. ConclusionDo not reject null hypothesis so we conclude that there is no significant running(a) association/relationship between level of popularity and math test score.So in the relationship between childrens level of popularity with their peers and their performance in academic tests they respond that there is no significant relationship between these popularity level and their maths scores. Descriptive StatisticsThe Descriptive procedure displays univariate summary statistics for several variables in a wholeness table and calculates standardized values (z scores). Variables can be ordered by the size of their means (in hike or descending order), alphabetically, or by the order in which we select the variables. Simple it is a profitable procedure for obtaining summary comparisons of

Managing Growth Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Growth Assignment - see Exampleapitalizing on supplier discount and reducing the inventory because most of long-term assets are unbending and may lock in small companies operations in terms of finance and this has serious consequences on the ships companys returns considering their small working capital.Considering that income statement basically looks at revenue, expenses and profit or impairment made, balance winding-clothes will assist in tracking changes in sales revenue and expenses along the three phases in a simulation of 10 years and indicate the financial condition of the company in each phase. This will help business organisation managers to explain to the business lenders and every investors interested to nurse their shares in the company how adapted stark naked mechanisms such as effectiveness of advertising methods to reap new customers, increase in customers discounts such as after-sale services has changed sales and expenses that reciprocate a change i n assets and liabilities of the business. This information once put in inventory records will help business lenders and shareowners understand the set up in order to assess the health of the business. Therefore, when the company has a positive financial statement, there is an prediction of increase in working capital resulting from increase in net worth of the company that attract more business lenders and shareowners who become confident of going deep into their pockets to invest to a company with halcyon net worth. This will help to optimize on external credit provided by business lenders and shareowners to fatten up business operations in order to increase profit which is the core objective of every business enterprise (Scott, 2005).The purpose of considering taking opportunities that will enable a small business to win some(prenominal) new customers, capitalize on suppliers discount and reducing inventory is because these are transactions that often affects the exchange fl ow of a business and are neither reported in the income statement nor balance sheet but are

Business Communication And Presentations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Business Communication And Presentations - Essay causeThis essay stresses that the importance of communication and particularly communication of expectations is central to individual and organizational effectiveness. The organizational expectations should be unambiguously communicated to the individual manager which was not done in the case of the new finance Director. He was thus unable to fit in the overall pattern and respond to the role expectations appropriately. The Managing Director hike failed as the role sender in communicating the desired behavior. Despite this he evaluated and sanctioned the Finance Director as he was primarily concerned with self-interest. He was interested in the performance of his component and not of the corporate as a whole. Since the expectations were not clearly communicated there was lack of shared expectations. This power presented an opportunity to the Finance Director who was proactive and defined his own role. This paper makes a conclusion that poor communication is the key driver of negative feelings among the top executives in any organization. Since the CFO is at a different location, the Finance Director has absolutely no face-to-face contact with him and hence tends to report regularly to avoid misunderstandings. Now that the Finance Director has been confronted by the Managing Director he has to explain and justify his position. He has to give a feedback on his actions and the work that he has been executing.

Business Constant Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Constant Development - Essay ExampleThe world around this duty stinker never remain unchanged as every second, close tothing happens. Every change, whether it is demographic or affectionate, intrusts a authorized impact on the business and everything around it (Pride et al 2011 3). Demographic changes around the world have showcased that thither has been an ever-increasing change in the population that core more chances of economic growth and employment. These changes are actu eachy reconstructing the application market all around the world and are eventually changing the picture of many run businesses. There has been a decline in the birth rate which has resulted in an aging population. Many businesses desire the ones in Japan have adapted to this change by making many sensible decisions kindred investing in robotics for children care and the aged care (Schoemer 2001 21). Whereas in case of social changes, these are considered to be some short-lived fads or they bring some very permanent changes in the market. When a social trend makes its place, it means that it will be followed by some changes in supply and demand of a certain commodity/industry. This can leave both, good and bad, impact on the business. ... This is how these demographic and social changes appear, leave an impact and wait to see their effects on the businesses. Once adapted successfully results in a completely positive effect on the businesss future. It is now the responsibility of the business to do to these changes and developments that occur. And in order to perform this, CSR has been developed which stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. In this, business professionals make efforts to infer up with numerous ways which can be used by the business to overcome all these changes and cope with this situation. This is one of the ways which has been found pretty successful for the business. If a business fails to manage to call for effectively with the ongoing change in the market, all the hard work and time it puts to make an tone-beginning to adapt to change comes to drain. (Johnson and Turner 2003 334) Demographic changes bring a transformation in the workforce and the enumerate of customers. Every country experiences different situations i.e. in some, birth rate keeps on increasing whereas in some it declines, leading to an aging population. The latter situation is not at all favorable for any business as this means a decline in the number of people who can render their services. This means the supply of labor in the market will fall, leading to higher wage rate in the market in order to attract the workers, as the business will be demanding more to compact on their production processes (Brindley 2008 43). A business can cope with this situation successfully if it implements some strategical clever plans for improving the mobility, quality of jobs, job creation, life-longing training and learning programs and managing change with divers ity.

Ford Pinto Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ford Pinto Ethics - Essay ExampleThe other third survived only because especial(a) measures had been interpreted to prevent the rupture of the tank such as (a) plastic flub between the axle housing and the gas tank (b) steel plate between the tank and the rear bumper and (c) a rubber lining in the gas tank. The results of the test at that placefore show clearly, that the sack tank failed, tho the Company did not take any action to remedy the defect. Three of the cars fared better when some special measures were introduced, and the Company had this evidence on hand as well but this still did not figure as significant enough to merit some remedial work being carried out by the Company before getting the cars on to the market place. Ford was therefore deficient in its duty of care, because when go about with such results, it should have taken greater care to ensure that the defect in the fuel tank was remedied.Secondly, there are ethical issues that need to be considered as wel l. The crash test results suggest that there was a danger posed to life and limb as a result of the defective fuel tanks. The question of ensuring safety of future consumers and users of the cars should have therefore been paramount in Fords determination as to whether to continue manufacturing the Pintos or not. However, in arriving at the decision on whether or not to market the Pintos despite the defect in the fuel tank which had been discovered, the Company had decided that in order to be competitive, the car should not cost more than $2000 and weigh more than 2000 pounds. This raises the issue of whether Ford considered its competitiveness more seriously or whether it valued the potential loss of life more seriously. Had the latter been the case, it would have taken steps to ensure that the fuel tank was replaced with a rupture proof fuel tank, which would have been some more expensive. It would have also rendered the Pinto less competitive because it would have used up

Do Athlethes and Actors Get Paid to Much Assignment

Do Athlethes and Actors Get Paid to much(prenominal) - Assignment Example, it is a belief that in a typical society where traditionally the join of money payable in salaries and related earnings is determined against the value of ones employment to the society, the pay packages of athletes and actors go against the grain. It is a common economic practice in the modern society that in determining the pay commensurate to both(prenominal)ones work, it is to be determined by the economic consequence of their work, and value added to the society by that particular job. For instance, the teaching profession is among one of the most economically solid profession since the future of any economy is dependent on the education acquired by its young generation. In spite of this fact, teachers are paid peanuts when compared to established athletes such as Usain Bolt (Quirk, Rodney and Pay108).In addition, there is the cerebration that athletes and actors do not encounter hardships and lif e-endangering situations in their work. However, this cannot be said of occupations such as those of policemen, medical practitioners and good time brigades who save lives of other populate notwithstanding risking their lives in the process. What of the gallant police officers and military personnel who tear down abandon their loved families for the service of protecting and defending their nations with some paying the ultimate price in the process? They all earn just a little fraction of these athletes and actors. In fact even the number one patriot in America, President Obamas pay cannot stand what these A-class athletes and actors take foot in spite of the fact that he handles and makes critical policy decisions that directly affect the entire public each day he is in office (Hanold 89).The group that hold this view reiterate that if athletes and actors are to be paid these huge pay packages, then they should at least give back some of it to the society. They can do this th rough charity organizations as a show of goodwill since the same people make their payday. In addition, they should

Family of woodstock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family of woodstock - Essay ExampleIt is intriguing that the Family does not discriminate between near and small problems, but seeks to help people in a positive manner. Any individual seek help from the Family receives guidelines or services that fix the specific problem presented. Interestingly, the staff and volunteers at the Family of Woodstock are perpetrate to operating during both the day and the night, ensuring that no individual in the society is stranded without any extraction of help (Family of Woodstock celebrates its 40th anniversary, 2010).Several factors motivated the founders of the Family of Woodstock. In 1970, when the Family was established, the initial services provided were hotlines, which allowed people with problems to holler out for help. Evidently, the founders recognized that people in the society had certain needs yet no service providers were functional to meet those needs. For example, children who had run away from home ended up in the streets witho ut shelter and food. Founders of the Family realized that these children need help in the form of counselling and the basic needs. Moreover, it was also critical for these children to be reunited with their families. The hotlines operating in 1970 sought to address this need. However, the founders also recognized other needs in the society such as the need for legal assistance, the need for a soft landing machine that would help people evolve over long journeys. Many of the problems identified surrounded children, teens, parents, and the public. The founders of the Family identified a risk factor for apiece of these groups of people. Over the years, the Family has focused on identifying the needs of the people as well as the risk factors they introduce and developing strategies for addressing them (Ulster Savings Charitable Foundation gives $5,000 grant to Family of Woodstock, 2012).Notably, the Family of Woodstock has exhibited a high level of specialization in a bid

Potency of Selected Plants Essay Example for Free

Potency of Selected Plants EssayEvery year, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 50-100 billion people all over the world fall victim to dengue fever. And every year, 20,000 of these victims end up dead (the Philippine Star, 2012). tally to the report of the Philippine Association of Entomologists (PAE), the incidence and threat of dengue shroud to rise, year after year. (Samaniego, 2012). This insalubrious unhealthiness is just caused by a single bite of a carrying mosquito. The mosquito is a common transitory insect that is found around the world. The mosquito is often a carrier of diseases, such(prenominal) as malaria, encephalitis, lily-livered fever, dengue fever, dog heartworm, West Nile virus, and many others.The females, who drink blood, bottomland carry disease from one savage to another as they feed. The mosquito goes through four separate and distinct stages of its life rhythm method of birth control and they atomic number 18 as follows Egg, Larva, pupa, and bragging(a). It has been found out by studies that buyo, lime and papaya has potential properties that can terminate mosquito larvae. This study entitled Buyo (Piper betle L.), linden (Citrus aurantifolia), and Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves pulverise against Mosquito Larvae aims to investigate the effectiveness of the cardinal leaves pulverise on the idea of destroying number one the source of the problem by terminating first the larvae.Objective of the StudyThis study, aims to position the capability of the three plants leaves namely Buyo, Lime and Papaya as a terminating agent, specifically it aims to 1.Determine the efficacy of the three plants leaves against mosquito larvae in the form of powder. 2.Determine if there is a hearty struggle between the do of the treatments towards the mosquito larvae.Statement of the ProblemThis study aims to determine the efficacy Buyo, Lime and Papaya in terminating mosquito larvae. Specifically, it seeks to answer the quest questions 1.Can the three plants practise as a newfound terminating agent for mosquito larvae? 2.Is there any significant difference between them experimental and control set-ups? 3.Is there any further effect on the last treatment on the test organisms?Statement of HypothesisBased on the foregoing problems, the researchers formulated the follo file name extension baseless hypothesis 1.The three plants cannot serve as a newfound terminating agent for mosquito larvae. 2.There argon no significant difference between the experimental and control set-ups. 3.There are no further effects on the final treatment on the test organisms.Statement of the HypothesisThe researchers infer that1.The three plants can serve as a newfound terminating agent for mosquito larvae. 2.There is a significant difference between the experimental and control set-ups. 3.There is a further effect on the final treatment on the test organisms.Significance of the StudyAccording to the report of the P hilippine Association of Entomologists (PAE), the incidence and threat of dengue continue to rise, year after year. (Samaniego, 2012). The itemize of deaths from the dengue virus also rose to 328, which is taller than the 293 cases recorded during the same period last year. This deadly disease is just caused by a single bite of a carrying mosquito. This study aims to prevent destroying first the source of the problem by terminating first the larvae without triggering bad side effects. The study may further serve as the baseline information active the worth of the selected plants.Scope and Limitation of the StudyThis study, Buyo, Lime, and Papaya Leaves Powder against Mosquito Larvae, focuses on the potential properties of the three plants towards mosquito larvae in different set-ups. This study limits and focuses only to the topics related to this project.Conceptual materialDefinition of key termsBuyo is a vine-like plant that can reach 150 to 180 centimeters in height. It is usually used for medicinal uses. Lime leaves sop up slackly ovate blades, blunt-pointed at both ends, 3.5-6 cm long, 2.7-4 cm wide with petioles 3,5 to 6 cm long, broadly winged, up to 4 cm wide wing area sometimes exceeding leaf area. Papaya is a wide-ranging, tree-like plant, with a single stanch increment from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. Dengue revaluation on the Related LiteratureBuyo (Piper betle L.), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Powder against Mosquito LarvaeMosquitoThe mosquito is a common flying insect that is found around the world. There are about 2,700 species of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can fly about 1 to 1.5 miles per hour (1.6-2.4 kph). Mosquito Bites Females drink blood and the nectar of plants the males only sip plant nectar. When a female bites, she also injects an anticoagulant (anti-clotting chemical) into the prey to keep the victims blood flowing. She find s her victims by sight and smell, and also by detecting their warmth. non all mosquito species bite humans. Disease Carrier The mosquito is often a carrier of diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis, jaundiced fever, dengue fever, dog heartworm, West Nile virus, and many others. The females, who drink blood, can carry disease from one animal to another as they feed. Anatomy Like all insects, the mosquito has a body divided into three split (head, thorax, and abdomen), a hard exoskeleton, and six long, jointed legs. Mosquitoes also sport a pair of veined wings. They have a straw-like proboscis and can only eat liquids. Life Cycle The complete life-cycle of a mosquito takes about a month.After drinking blood, adult females lay a raft of 40 to 400 detailed white eggs in standing water or very slow-moving water. Within a week, the eggs hatch into larvae (sometimes called wrigglers) that breathe air through tubes which they poke above the surface of the water. Larvae eat bits of pl anless organic matter and each other. Larvae molt four times as they grow after the fourth molt, they are called pupae (also called tumblers). Pupae alsolive near the surface of the water, breathing through two horn-like tubes (called siphons) on their back. Pupae do not eat. An adult emerges from a pupa when the skin splits after a few days. The adult lives for only a few weeks.LimeThe Small-f pull downed papeda (Biasong) stands out from all others of the subgenus Papeda because of its very small flowers, only 1.2-1.3 cm wide, white, with a trace of purple on the outside. The ingatherings are 5-7 cm long surface fairly smooth or with transverse corrugations, lemon yellow skin comparatively thick pulp rather juicy, grayish, acid aroma similar to that of samuyao Seeds are numerous. The leaves have broadly ovate blades, blunt-pointed at both ends, 3.5-6 cm long, 2.7-4 cm wide with petioles 3,5 to 6 cm long, broadly winged, up to 4 cm wide wing area sometimes exceeding leaf area. See ds are numerous.The tree attains a height of 7.5 to 9 meters, with comparatively small but sharp spines. This species is cultivated in the southern Philippine Islands, especially Mindanao, where it is called biasong. The fruit was generally thought of as being inedible, but Ponchit Enrile from the Aseya Bistro in Davao City told me that it is a favourite flavouring for kinilaw (raw fish or seafood marinated with vinegar and limes) and Tom Yum Kung. The fruit can be bought in wet markets all over Mindanao and fetches high prices when not in sequence. When in season it would sell for 10 US cents a piece.PapayaThe papaya is a large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 5070 cm (2028 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. Unusually for such large plants, the trees a re dioecious. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria, but are much smaller and wax-like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into large fruit 1545 cm (5.918 in) long and 1030 cm (3.912 in) in diameter. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue. Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome deciphered.BuyoThe betel leaf is cultivated in most of South and Southeast Asia. Since it is a ass-kisser, it needs a compatible tree or a long pole for support. Betel requires high land and especially fertile soil. Waterlogged, saline and alkali soils are unsuitable for its refining. In Bangladesh, farmers called barui3 prepare a garden called a barouj in which to grow betel. The barouj is fenced with bamboo sticks and coconut leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 metres length, 75 centi metres in width and 75 centimetres depth. Oil cakes, manure, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the topsoil of the furrows and wood ash. The creeper cuttings are planted at the beginning of the monsoon season. Proper shade and irrigation are essential for the successful cultivation of this crop.Betel needs constantly moist soil, but there should not be excessive moisture. Irrigation is usual and light, and standing water should not remain for more than half an hour. Dried leaves and wood ash are applied to the furrows at fortnightly intervals and cow dung slurry is sprinkled. Application of different kinds of leaves at monthly intervals is believed advantageous for the growth of the betel. In 3 to 6 months the vines reach 150 to 180 centimeters in height and they ordain branch. Harvest begins, with the farmer plucking the leaf and its petiole with his right thumb. The harvest lasts 15 days to one month. The harvested leaves are consumed locally or exported to other parts of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. Betel is an important part of the preservation in rural Bangladesh.

Muhamad Abdel Wahab Essay Example for Free

Muhamad Abdel Wahab EssayMohammad Abdel Wahab was born in 1907 and died in May 3, 1991. He was a prominent twentieth century Egyptian singer and composer born in Bab El Shriyah area of Cairo Egypt. He undisturbed 10 airs for Omm Katherm, the greatest Arab songstress in history. Mohammad Abdel is a legend to the vast majority of Arabic speaking people. Mohammad was a ren profess singer, composer and actor and who lasted in musical career for spanning seventy four (74) years. He had a fascinating voice and his melodies were of the classical poetry from the Arabs golden old age and that of their modern struggle against Western colonialism. done this composition he instilled in his listener a feeling of pride in their Arabics rich culture and heritage. Though Abdul Wahab is known for his music, he composed more than that he sang. Exploring the life of Abdul Wahab as a composer without referring to his songs or music and acting is inadequate for all of were a part of him and his many released songs and cinemas that afterward became hits were as a result of his creativity and talented mind. His enjoyed musical voice and the melodies were no doubt a product of his great composition.His songs were his own compositions and it is said that from his teens Mohammad had composed for himself and other leading Arab singers over 1800 romantic and flag-waving(prenominal) songs (Salloum. Habeeb). His composition had the Western taste due to his innovative nature of always thinking of new and let on ways to enrich the traditional songs. This is a factor that has contri scarceed to a great extent to the popularity and influence of his compositions among the youth, a reason that has made his compositions to maintain the lead in music industry up to date.In the mid-twenties Mohammad is said to have become a close friend of a well known poet, Ahmad Shawky who helped him surpass well in compositions and boost his talent as a composer. In the following years the compri seing watched Muhammad Abdul Waham climb the ladder to subsequently become a star and earned himself the title singer of princes When the Egyptian monarchy was overthrown in 1952 by young subject areaist army officers his perception of life changed drastically and radically.His songs which were purely his own compositions became more inspiring and more patriotic. He produced some of his finest practises which included The Eternal Nile, Damascus, heaven the musical scores for Egypts national anthem and the national anthems of Oman and the United Arab Republic. He composed political, national and Arab national songs Muhammad also composed more songs after 1933. His compositions underwent different stages of development due to the environment in which he lived.Muhammad as a person accepted the changes and that is why his music in great deals synthesized the deuce worlds (both Western world and Arab world). (Levinson. M. L, 1995) His music was at first traditional a thing that later changed to westernization after he underwent formal training in both Arabic and Western music. Among his early composition of song was the Goose Consul Operetta, based on a theme of Naguib El Rehani which became a great success.Later his movie composition introduced female artist such as Leila Murad a thing that may have been found awkward during the time. Muhamad Abdul Wahab in his own way was a revolutionary leader in some sorting of special way. His compositions featured large orchestras with a Western blend of instruments such as the guitar bass, accordion and later the organ and synthesizer. He also added new rhythmic formulas, including the tango, the mambo, samba and rumba, as well as the Arabic oriental rhythms, maqsoum and baladi in his compositions.(The story behind the stomp) In the 1960s Abdul Wahab composed songs for other singers such Om Koulthom. He released Omri a recording that later became Egypts all time best seller. In the 1970s he started fading from the public though his music from his own compositions continued with the same energy and vigor but in 1988 when he was (81), he emerged again to the surprise of many with new composition of his own. Age to him was nothing, infact it gave him more reason to write and consequently more reason to live.In his life time Abdul Wahab was recognized for his discipline in his great compositions, music and movie industries and hence received a lot of awards. Suprisingly enough his melt down is still rated as one of the best to have ever come from an Arab world. (Levinson. M. L) He died at the age of ninety and Egypt country honored him with a huge military funeral at the Rabia-al-Aldawiya Mosque in Cairo. After his death, his work was covered in newspapers, radio and television ranging from his compositions of songs and movies.He was accorded the title The father of modern Arabic songs. He died in 1991 of heart failure he left a legacy nobody can fall in to forget especially in the world of modern A rabic music and melody. Up to until his death Mohammad sorts stay in his writings, writings that appealed to both the old and the young. He stole many hearts with his music and compositions and became a beloved figure. Although he is gone he speaks to us through his work Works Ci

Enron And The Decision Making Factor Essay Example for Free

Enron And The Decision Making Factor Essay entryway Students, analysts and critics of modern product line practice go step forward always exact the colossal Enron washout as an heavy text book causa close how a lot of different things inside the comp any jackpot trigger a securely all overnight downfall of a once prestigious fellowship. If there was any Cinderella story in the world of blue chip trading and high portfolio business, Enron was the ultimate opposite, if non the hagfish herself who was killed by her own lethal potion.The Enron collapse resulted in the formulating of more different opinions efflorescenceing to the many different accomplishable reasons why Enron with all the promise and potential that it has a few years forwards it went s divulgeh stumble the nosedive that make it one of the worst disasters in the history of trade, commerce and business. in that location is no uncertainness that some of the opinions that surfaced explaining th e reason why such an eventuality befell Enron placed the blame on the wrong things that the twinge management echelon did for the lodge they be after all the one which is trus tworthy for the present and the early of Enron. Critics feel at the Enron flagellation scrutinized what happened leading to the collapse using many different perspectives and considering many different circumstanceors, both in the professional cap strength of the companys leading as well as the encounter of the surrounding factors beyond Enrons control.One of the more or less important facets in the debate regarding the fall of Enron is last fashioning. Evidently, a lot of wrong ends were made, with one e genuinely wrong decisiveness acting as a building block that finally became an insurmountable wall of consequences all borne out of wrong or haywire finale reservation work ates that yielded results that did the company more harm than soundly.Indeed, the finale reservation linchpins sig nifi hatfult to the establishment of the case that the Enron collapse was due in some extent to the end fashioning aspect of the leadership strata of the company dejection be identified easily as it is scattered throughout the timeline of Enrons very near and non so distant past leading to the eventual fall of the company that hid behind the frontal of the building the ugliness created by the qualities of its leaders that caused the chaos that burned down Enron down to meager, worthless ashes.This publisher pull up stakes pick the significant arcseconds wherein the stopping point making capabilities and abilities of its exceed management leaders were at tactic and use these moments to establish the honourable and other considerations coming to play during the analysis of the termination making efforts of the leaders and why the outcome of such exercises led to the fall of Enron and not towards the companys betterment, which is the main business of the companys outgo executives.The motif will utilize these occasions to stress its argument regarding the authority of effective, ethical and sound decisiveness making of top executives leading to either the success or loser of companies, in this case that of Enron, and discuss key aspects of this line of thought. The paper will not criminalize the actions of the executives of Enron rather, it will infuse inputs from other professionals regarding important aspects in the discussion of corporate decision making ( morals, result-orientation, etc).Background respective(a) angles have already been explored by many different individuals every time the topic of analysis is Enron and its collapse. Because of this, the paper is moving to focus on an aspect that is focused more on Kenneth Lay and the rest of his top executive cliques psycheal characteristic that could have played an important role in the outcome of Enrons operation.Decision making is both a personal characteristic as it is a professional credential, even an asset. Some slew ar being paid handsome amounts of money for their ability to transform decision making moments into an opportunity that provides a positive result and pass judgment outcome for the company. Ehringer (1995) puts it barely The ability to make good decisions is the defining quality of our lives (Ehringer, 1995, p. 1).When Lay, Skilling, Fastow and other Enron bosses were placed in their respective positions, they were expected to exercise a high level of intuitiveness, business acumen and professional foresight so that every decision making opportunity is met with the companys best interest long term and before long term in mind. They were where they were because those who placed them there believed that they can make decisions to which the company can benefit from.When Enron collapse, many mickle and organizations criticized the questioned the decision making capabilities of the top executives was the collapse an effect of the result of the decision that they made? Was the decision made putting the benefit of the company and the employees first, or are the decisions shaped so that it benefited them first? How freehanded was the breach in the ethical considerations that a professional should take every time he or she makes a decision that puts the upcoming of the company on the line?These are just some of the questions that whitethorn also be present in the minds of those who followed the Enron case. Sure there were varying degrees of deception and fraudulent acts from the dissever of many select individuals who sinned against Enron and its employees, but these cases would have been minimized or even averted altogether if the important decision making privileges was limited to a select few, or if the futurity-altering decision making capability is disseminated largely among a huge group of good deal that can provide a check and balance system for Enron.Roberts (2004) explained that if it is executable for other s to make the decisions for a unit, then new options arise to design the decision-making process as well as the incentive schemes to get better performance on both dimensions. For example, the design might specify that a decision most a project arising in one unit that affects another would be use if and only if both units agree to it, (Roberts, 2004, p. 51). Enron is an energy trading firm which was performing well in the aboriginal part of its existence. By the start of the 21st century, the occupations that the bosses were trying to hide from the public and from the employees started to stank. Soon, events unfolded like dominoes move one after the other as a consequence of information spilling out into the publics attention.Before 2004, the public already had a clear idea active how Enron bosses were supposedly the one responsible for the defrauding of the employees and their company shares and other benefits, as well as the one responsible for the bankruptcy of Enron. One b y one, key company officials stepped out of the light and implicated a new name, which will in identification number implicate a much bigger name, until the dragnet sent out to see who was accountable for the fraudulent acts in Enron caught its top bosses, including Lay, Skilling and Fastow.Many individuals faced criminal charges, and many more simply went home not just jobless but are robbed of lifetime investments which Enron bosses manipulated and soon lost because of the wrong decisions they made on how to run the company and make it prosper and grow. Examples of how Enron management made wrong decisions during decision making moments break in the history of the company. Take for example what happened in 1987 instead of declaring the $190 million loss the company experienced, they concealed it instead, leading to criminal charges.This habit of Enron for opting to conceal losses instead of declaring it became a jeopardyous vice when Fastow was aboard Enron, the same outlook affected the decision making of Enron, leading to increase in longlegs of cases wherein Enron through its top management consciously made actions that defraud the employees and the public. There was also the case of execrable public relations by Enron which fanned the flames of panic that removed any possible opportunity for Enron to revivify the pecuniary situation without creating hysteria that saw many commonplaceholders selling their stocks due to the continued falling of the stock value of Enron.Statement of Problem The most important decision that Enrons executives faced was not the decision on whether or not to publicly announce about the bankruptcy in fact, there was no decision making factor during that instance since the predicament of the company has already been decided regardless of what the top executives might have opted for they were flat out broke and the public needs to go through about this, that was the situation.The unbent decision making moment for Enro ns bosses was the time when they were deciding what the best option to take is with regards to the financial aspect of the company, including taxes, earnings and financial loses. It was a content of facing a decision making task that provided the Enron bosses with two options to do the right thing, or to opt for something that is morally and ethically inappropriate.The decision reached in this particular proposition decision making instance was laced with the hope that the option they took would be free from serious repercussions and return them enough time to fix it all up again. Unfortunately for Enron, things did not work out as planned, and the criminal liability of the Enron bosses stemmed from the fact that they decided to do something which they consciously knew was detrimental to the benefit of the Enron company and its employees.During that particular instance, Lay could have opted to do the right thing and faced the consequences by coming clean, he may have a more sym pathetic public to support him in any(prenominal) efforts he may wish to undertake to revive Enron, and not be faced with the collapsing stock value since those who can sell theirs sell it in a frantic phase to rid themselves of the stock of the company which is nearing impendent bankruptcy. This showed how the people do not reserve second chances to those who squander their decision making privileges by making decisions bereft of the consideration of the good of the greater many.Decision making John Hintze (2006), in his discussion about making smart decisions during decision making, used the case of the Enron collapse to hand his discussion and establish the fact that problems are something that is foreseen, something that happened nonetheless owing to bounteous decision making. Hintze wrote, should we have seen 9/11 coming? What about the Enron collapse? The Signs were there people pointed them out, but the appropriate steps were not taken by those in a position to do someth ing.Why is this? Politics? Greed? Those certainly contributed, but there was something else at work here, too A failure of common sense in decision making (Hintze, 2006, p. 123). Enron foul decision making Nothing can prove more about how bad the decision making went inside Enron camp more convincingly than the fact the company transformed from prosperous to poor overnight. This was the widely distributed characteristic of Enron through the traits shown by its leaders that reflect the Enron personality.There were earlier discussions in the paper about snippets on instances pointing to Enrons penchant for making bad decision or for going to the resolving of a problem utilizing an option that is more questionable. Fox (2004) explained that Enron believed that its expansion into international projects were positive initiatives simply because they put the company in more potential markets. In truth, Enron made bad business decisions that werent supported by the deals economics.The ba d business decisions piled up, stretching from India to Brazil, pressuring the company to do something about its finances (Fox, 2004,p. 307). At least at this point, Fox is not pointing at the unethical aspect of the Enron decision making machinery, just the fact that they made decisions that were bad for the future of the company, but not to the extent of deliberately sabotaging the company or putting the company in danger with all cognize risk for personal gain. For Fox, it was a bad call plain and simple.But the matter of the fact is that not everyone sees it the way Fox does, and there are those who believe that there were ethical breaches in the decision making in Enron among its top bosses. The (absence of) Leaders in decision-making Decision making in retroactive is one of the common line of thinking used when investigating events that led to growth or debacle. It is because decision making played an important part in shaping the future of the company it is here where the foundation, or lack of it, was created via the decisions the bosses made or failed to make.To trace the problems or mark significant actions resulting from decision making which eventually resulted to either the success or failure of the company, it is not only the decision making events that are looked support to the persons that made them were also put under the microscope, and among the qualities scrutinized is their decision making ability and their other characteristics that affect their decision making attitude and behavior.Professionals debate about the idea of a good decision, a bad decision, good intentions and bad intentions and how the good and bad effect that comes into play afterwards account for the overall accountability of a person wielding the power to make decisions that will have a tremendous impact on the future of the company, something which happened in Enron via Lay, Skilling, Fastow and the rest of the top figures of the company.Acuff (2004) explains that if they make a decision that might not have been the decision I would have made, and they come and talk to me about it, we look at it and discuss it. There are a lot of different ways to skin the horse. I dont go expression my idea is the only one that will get you where you want to go. I hold people accountable for good decision-making. If a bad outcome results from a bad decision thats a problem. But if a bad outcome results from a reasonable decision, then thats business, and it could happen to anyone (Acuff, 2004, p. 87). This was the predicament of those who are trying to label the decision making actions of Enron top executives did they make decisions, even bad decisions with the sake of the company in mind, and gambled with their careers because they know that if their plans and actions go well, it is extremely beneficial for the company, in a very Machiavellian approach towards getting things through with(p) regardless of the means by which they did it, or were they just plain guilty of fraudulent actions?People who are burdened by the decision that impacts a lot of people is not always amenable to pickings the high and moral grounds, that is why the adage about the end justifying the means, about getting things done at what ever cost, about delivering against the odds became popular because of people like the Enron bosses who (probably) acted upon their decision making duties by risking what can be a popularly bad decision.Indeed, it may be easy or even at rest for most people adversely affected by the Enron collapse to attribute the colossal corporate debacle to the top management figures of the company by criticizing their decisions as well as their faculty for sound decision making. While it is true that Enrons top executives are responsible for the collapse of the company, it is not that easy to heartbeat the level of ethical decision making attributes of Enrons top brass.Goethals et al (2004) pointed out that the complexity associated with ethical decision making and behavior, especially as it applies to leadership and the workplace, makes the construct extremely difficult to research, adding that criterion an individuals level of ethical decision making is challenging, particularly because the measurement instruments that are for sale have problems with priming and social-desirability effects that is, questionnaires or other similar modes of data collection cue respondents to give answers that they believe are socially acceptable rather than answers that truly reflect their own actions or opinions (Goethals et. al. , 2004, p. 461). induction of which is the fact that all of these executives in question are career corporate leaders even before they joined Enron their credentials played an important role regarding their selection for a corporate position as high as theirs.Because of this, as well as the factors that affect the credibility of the ability for identification of the authoritative public pulse regardin g the persons involved in the issue, ethical decision making levels of the persons involved is hard to ascertain, making claims for questionable ethical decision making consideration of the people lose important ground and stalling on insufficient set of stable legs for proof and justification. Still, there are those who believe that the level of morals that influences the decision making capabilities of the Enron bosses are without a doubt questionable, and this includes Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins who was quoted in the book edited by Kathy Fitzpatrick and Carolyn B. Bronstein.In the article, it mentions about how Swartz and Watkins blame Ken Lay, former CEO of Enron, and other company executives for privileging greed and arrogance over ethical business decisions (Fitzpatrick and Bronstein, 2006, p. 79), the gist of the published work co-authored by the two individuals. Nalebuff and Ayres (2006) wrote that the problem often arises because people ignore the costs and benefits that their decisions have on other people. We call this approach Why dont you feel my anguish? The more technical term for these effects is externalities. Decision makers who ignore externalities are bound to make bad decisions (Nalebuff and Ayres, 2006, p. 67). This explanation greatly tarnishes the ethical value of the decision making ethics of Enron bosses because it shows that they are prone or inclined to make decisions even if the result of such decisions lead to negative effects that other people will experience.Niskanen (2005) believes that Lay, one of the top bosses of Enron, should be judged on the basis of his personal actions, directions to subordinates, or the actions of subordinates that he implicitly condoned by knowing about it without attempting to correct not on the basis of what he should have known (Niskanen, 2005, p. 6). Lays condoning of actions is a result of a personal and professional decision that he made or failed to make and because of that, Niskanen believes that Lay is answerable for any criminal charges that would result from that particular action (or inaction). Watkins was thinking of the company and its employees and their future and hers as well, when she made the decision to let her superiors, particularly Lay, know about the possible accounting problems and the making public of the current and real financial and trade status of the company. This clearly illustrates the difference in ethics when it comes to decision making.Decision making, ethics and public perception Decision making in business is not merely a power or a privilege that one can use at will without thinking of the consequences that might happen should the decision resulted into something that is considered as adversely negative and detrimental to the welfare of the employees, their jobs and the company they work for. Those who are provided with such amenity to go along with their job description should consider that it is also their responsibility to ma ke sure that their employees and subordinates do not think that they are squandering aside their decision making privilege and everything that goes along with it. This was the prevailing attitude or outlook of the Enron employees especially nearing the close collapse of the company. The absence of ethical consideration resulted to the losing of the credibility of the bosses of Enron because they were not careful with how they undertake their decision making tasks.While bankruptcy is something that is very difficult to accept and impacts greatly in the lives of the employees especially the rank and register blue collar workers, there is a sense of adding insult to injury during occasions wherein the employees are head start to realize that all of the unfortunate things that happen in the company and in their careers are all a result of the faulty, incompetent and unethical decision making of the top management echelon and not because the company was incapacitated in the onslaugh t of a devastating economic problem, like how companies closed down during the Great notion despite the efforts of American businessmen to keep the different industries alive and breathing.During the collapse of Enron, the US is experiencing a very stable economy far from that which characterized US economy during the Great Depression, and is shielded securely from the impact of whatever it was that was happening in the global economic and business landscape, and so during the Enron collapse, the collective finger was pointing an accusing force digit to Enron bosses and majority of the cause of their indignation originates from the sloppy decision making capabilities of Enron bosses who lost their credibility the moment they lost Enron. Brazelton and Ammons (2002) wrote in the book they co-wrote The Ethics Resource Center conducted a survey in 2000 in which it learned that 43 percent of respondents believed that their supervisors are generally poor examples of honest managers, and the same number were pressured to via media their own integrity or that of their organization during decision making.The survey also identified a sanitary connection between employees perceptions of their supervisors and their own ethical behavior (Brazelton and Ammons, 2002, p. 388). Enron decision making the two-pronged factors It can be pointed out that one of the problems that happened to Enron is the ineffective of decision making among top executives first, their top executives failed to make correct decisions when they are take to do so, and second, Enron was not fully complimented with a set of professionals which could have contributed to the decision making process, and in the process provided the possibility of infusing new or different ideas that could have altered the outcome of the decision making process.Fitzpatrick and Bronstein (2006) did not look exclusively on Enrons bosses and the decisions they made in the management of Enron and the companys money and as set, rather, the two editors focused on the absence of a key top management personnel and took the presence of such a forefend as a sign that Enron is not even prioritizing the welfare of the company and its employees. The book Ethics in Public Relations Responsible Advocacy, which includes the Enron case as one of the important case studies to point out the importance of the role of public relations, explains that perhaps the governance of these companies was such that they did not care about their publics, and did not want the advice of senior-level public relations officer playing an active or dominant role in organizational decision making (Fitzpatrick and Bronstein, 2006, pg 179).Conclusion Niskanen (2005) summed up the Enron case on its characteristic of thriving in bad decisions made by its corporate leaders by saying in the book that the most important lesson from the Enron collapse, however, is that Enron failed because of a combination of bad business decisions, not beca use its accounts were misleading adding that the major business decisions that most contributed to its collapse were a series of bad investments, most of which were in the traditional asset-rich industries the failure to reconcile two quite different business models and the decision to focus management objectives on reported revenues and earning rather than on the present value of future cash flows (Niskanen, 2005, p. 6).Are they poor in decision making, or was the decision making adversely affected by other concerns and priorities outside of Enron that the results of the decision made for Enron looks like those who made the call did not even think about how this course of action will affect Enron? There are no sufficient proofs to point that the case was the latter for a company that became seventh all in all in the Fortune 500 at least once, it is unthinkable how there will be conscious efforts to sink the company by making wrong decisions, deliberately or not.The point of the pap er is not the assertion of the guild of Skilling, Lay or even Fastow, its the establishing of the point that decision making, when not handled properly, can turn even the most profitable company into a nose-diving wreck in a short period of time, that decision making plays an important role in how a person defines his or her life and how he or she leads a company and that because of these factors, no one should have an beg off why decision making was taken lightly and without much thought or care. All the people can see is a group of people who made wrong decisions several times, the resulting web and how they got confine in that web, that is assuming that there was no malice or hidden agenda that the bosses perpetrated in property of Enrons collapse.In the end, only Lay (now deceased) and the elite circle of the Enron executive clique will be the ones who would really know about the truth regarding ethics and the decision making in Enron leading to the collapse of the company. M any would ask, and some would presume, the reasons as well as the level of guilt of these leaders when it comes to breaching the ethical requirements require when undertaking decision making for a company. Regardless, the decisions they made created far reaching ripples and altered the lives of many individuals who invested not just their time, strength and lifes savings into the company but as well as their but as well as their faith and trust, which are not in shattered pieces because of the bad decisions that Enron executives made.Crawford (2006) further detailed on the pointed by explaining that bad decisions by a major company, however, cause major disruptions for all of the companys stakeholders. He pointed at the case of Enron as one of his examples, saying that the Enron disaster, as one example, certainly had devastating impacts on the lives of most of Enron employees (including the middle managers and professionals who invested in the company-sponsored Enron 401K plans) and also caused suffering for many individual investors who purchased Enron stock on the open market. Thousands of other Enron stakeholders, including Enrons suppliers and customers, also suffered, (Crawford, 2006, p. 26). Indeed, Enrons decision making had a hand in how the company glowering out to be.

Personal goal and professional goal Essay Example for Free

Personal finish and professional goal EssaySubmit a statement that discusses your travel goals, as well as the factors that led you to give the Mid-Career MPA platform as a means of furthering your person-to-person and professional goals. Be as specific as possible in describing how your expected course of study will enable you to build on your preceding professional palpate and achieve these goals (750 word limit).Economic development and welfare of the people are the infixed rival with my personality traits from my childhood which in allowed me to choose the highest level of Federal Civil Service Examination of India and got selected in this merit based competitive examination. Candidates with different To get the blend of all the fields I was the circle monitor up to class 5th class president from 6th to 11th class to manners the weekly debates, secretary of the scientific society in college, in StudentsUnion at Indian naturalize of Mines, club secretary in Ordna nce Factory, and secretary, Residence Welfare Association. I was in national plebe Corps and Junior Red Cross Society. After completing the schooling and graduation with merit scholarships I joined Indian School of Mines, the premier Institute for Earth science for Masters in utilise Geology through national competition.Selected in National Education Test of UGC and with a scholarship from Council for Scientific and industrial Research I completed M. Phil. Initially, 12 years I drop seduceed in middle level management in various Defence production units mainly in the field of Administration, Industrial Relations, homosexual Resources, Estate and store. I got one year exposure in policy issues in Higher expert Education. As the operate of Coal Mines provident Fund Organization (CMPFO) for two years, I sought to advance the public service to benefit 7.5 lakh coal workers in the field of provident funds and pensions transport reforms in a mission mode.SAP ERP was implemented i n the organization which was first in govt. segment in India. A bench mark was created in engaging multiple Fund Managers leading to transparentness and fair competition. I had the exposure of Board level management in Mineral Exploration smoke limited, a pan India Company as Director. Four years under my leadership, as the country head of computerization at Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO), the organization transformed from manual environment to richly computerized system. All receipts and payments of PF and pension became online making the life of 50 million poor workers easy removing all paper returns. The interactions are now through web and SMS reducing the footfalls of workers and employers in EPFO offices.6 years, while on the job(p) with the Federal Ministers for weewee Resources, Rural Development and as the Director in coal ministry of Government of India, I have actively participated in development of macro level policies, its formulation and implementat ion.To name a a few(prenominal) are the National Water Policy, Land Use Policy for Inclusive Economic Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Corporate Social responsibility in coal sector, re-engagement of ex-service personnel in coal transportation, Poverty eradication through National Rural Employment Guaranty Act to meet the Millennium Development Goal, political platform were massive initiatives of the Government. I have played important role in the planning and monitoring of operation of such policy options. Additionally, I have been deeply engaged in my advisory role to the ministers to care for the political and other socio-economic development issues of the different political provinces of India.Now I am working in top level management of Ordnance Equipment Factory, a Defence production Unit of India. The Mason program is intended to provide the analytical and leadership skills to implement major social and economic change. It has the sessions on bonk sharing, stra tegic management, communication, and policy decision making.The curriculum also includes the applied economics, quantitative analysis, political psychiatric hospitals and globalisation. My extensive experience in multiple roles in different government departments of India will provide a good fit to contribute during the MPA program as a Mason Fellow. My in-depth knowledge in important streams of public work will further allow me to perform effectively during my academic work at Harvard. I have credible track record of having developed and fostered enhanced level of partnership and cooperation between the stakeholders engaged in the faster socio-economic growth of India. I have demonstrated leadership skills by initiating several joint institution development activities with government, which all will be honed through a formal exposure to a MPA programme at Harvard.I have dreamt and aspired lately to be a Mason Fellow and would accomplish my personal goals of doing public good with improved knowledge and competence. I seek to join a mid career management course in public administration to sharpen my ideas in consonance with the emerging National and International Economic Scenario. I strongly feel MPA under Mason Programme, would provide me this opportunity to go on my capacity and equip me with latest management techniques. As I grow in my career, I would be required to take more responsibility and be associated in major policy making issues in govt. in the country.

Measuring the acceleration due to gravity in the lab Essay Example for Free

Measuring the acceleration due to gravitational attraction in the lab EssayThe distance between the ceiling and the floor (h) was measured. A rubber was accordingly dropped from the ceiling and the era taken for it to hit the ground was recorded. Results Attempt duration Taken (sec) 1 0. 47 2 0. 45 3 0. 71 4 0. 55 5 0. 5 6 0. 71 7 0. 4 8 0. 46 9 0. 58 10 0. 56 Average Time = Sum of all times Number of Times = (0. 47+0. 45+0. 71+0. 55+0. 5+0. 71+0. 4+0. 46+0. 58+0. 56) 10 = 5. 85 10 = 0. 59 sec (to 2 dp) H = height of the drop T = time taken Acceleration due to gravity = 2H T2 =2(2. 59) 0. 592 = 5. 18 0. 3481 = 14. 88 m/s2 (to 2 dp) Evaluation The results circled in the table are anomalous.There was a liberal range of results, from 0. 4 to 0. 71. This spread of results indicates that the data may be in correct. Although the experiment was repeated nine times, distinguishable results were found at nearly every attempt. This could be due to the timing methods used. A stop me asure held by a person was used to measure the time the rubber took to hit the ground. As a humans reaction times are not perfect, the button could have been pressed long later on the rubber had touched the ground. Also, the timekeeper could have pressed the button too early at the time he expected the rubber to fall in order to try and get a more accurate time.As the area used was not a vacuum, air opposition would have moved(p) the results. The shape of the rubber dropped was a pyramid, so air resistance would be different dependant on the side upon which it was dropped. These reasons explain why some of the results were anomalous. I do not believe that the procedure was accurate enough to measure the acceleration due to gravity in the lab. The timing apparatus was too general and the air resistance due to the lack of a vacuum meant that the data was not as guide as was needed.A more suitable set of timing equipment would have been to replace the stop clock with a light-gate and data-logger. A light gate would be positioned at the top of the drop, with one at the bottom. The ready reckoner would then calculate the time taken much more accurately. The air resistance could not be helped, as a vacuum would be highly impractical and unnecessary for our purposes. However, if it were possible, the experiment should have been performed in a complete vacuum. If a perfectly spherical determination were used then the air resistance wouldnt be different no matter how it was dropped.The experiment should be repeated in exactly the self homogeneous(prenominal) fashion as before, but with the changes outlined above implemented. This would give more accurate results. It should then be repeated in the same way as this, but with a denser object of the same dimensions. This would guide that the acceleration was due to gravity and not the mass of the object. One more experiment should be undertaken with the same stipulations but an increased dropping height. This wou ld show that the acceleration is the same no matter how high the object is dropped from.

Capital Budgeting Essay Example for Free

Capital Budgeting EssayIntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to analyze and check the answers of the Capital Budgeting Case. I volition discuss my recommendation about which Corporation and investor should acquire found on the quantitative reasoning. I also testament describe the relationship between the net present quantify and the internal step of return for the two corporations that are analyzed.Capital Budgeting CaseA company is preparedness in acquiring a new corporation and there are two options with the same equal of $250,000 but both with different 5-year cast offions of cash flows. The evaluation done to the two corporations (A and B) is based on the moolah Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR).The net present value represents the value the project or investment channels to the investor wealth. The NPV method of majuscule budgeting suggests that all projects that have confirmatory NPV should be accepted because they would add value to the investment. On the other hand, the internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a projects cash inflows to its outflows. According to the internal rate of return method of capital budgeting, the investment should be accepted if their IRR is greater than the cost of capital.The provides for Corporation A shows a NPV of $20,979.20 based on discount rate of 10%. And, we got an IRR of 13.05% which means that is the discount rate that makes the NPV equal or close to $0.00. On the other hand, the Corporation B with a discount rate of 11% got a NPV of $40,251.47 and an IRR of 16.94%. A positive NPV is considered a good project, and we want to choose the one with the highest NPV.Therefore, I would recommend acquiring the Company B because it has a higher(prenominal) NPV than the other company. Corporation B will be giving us a current value cash return of $40,251.47 above our 11% required rate of return during the future(a) 5 years. And, i f we recalculate the NPV using the IRR of 16.94% it will result on an NPV close to $0.00.The relationship between NPV and IRR is based on the discount rate used to bring up the cash flows to the present. For the case of Company B, with the discount rate of 11%, if we have a NPV of $0.00, our IRR will also be 11%. But, if our NPV is higher than $0.00, our IRR will be also higher than 11%. And, if we have a negative NPV, then our IRR will be less than 11%. In other words, the NPV and the IRR most of the time yield the same result of acceptance or rejection.ConclusionIn conclusion, the best recommendation is to acquire Company B because it will give us higher current values during the first 5 years and higher returns of the investment.

Science Essay Essay Example for Free

acquaintance Essay Essay scholarship to me is every(prenominal)thing that surrounds us. Its to discover information ab divulge this domain of a function we live in, study this information, and use it however we depart a process that has started long, long ago, and lead continue in generations to come. Everything in our world that we use somehow or someway was made by knowledge. It started with discovering something new then study what it puke be capable of. See where this new founded information can be fit into use. Science was used to render something new. In this day and age science has taken us to an entirely new place. From better batteries, to faster computers, to better gas mileage, there has just been a huge breakthrough in science. It is both chemistry and physics. In science of chemistry there is discovering elements and exploitation these elements in chemical bonding. For physics, there are already discovered laws, and properties such discoveries as gravity , motion, force, speed, velocity, acceleration, etc. Science redden branches off as far as the universe and its discoveries. Whether the discovery is 200 years old, c years old or present, its science nonetheless.Science is whole close to us, from the laptops we use to the simple machines we drive, something had to be discovered and study for us to able to use either. Maybe it was chemical combustion to get the energy from inunct so our cars can move, or even some physics to avail us understand how much energy we can save if we make something for aerodynamic. Science is to discover information roughly our natural world, and even just about space, to help us understand our existence.Science has helped to advance the lives of concourse approximately the world. Today, science has improved humans health and medicine to help people live longer, and help people live with diseases people had slight hope of living with a few decades ago, such as AIDS. spell our scientific a dvances continue, honest questions revoke about how science should advance, such as stem cell research.bloody shame Shelley, author of the novel Frankenstein, and Michael Bishop, who wrote the bind Enemies of Promise, have different catch up withs about how scientific knowledge affects humanity. bloody shame Shelley was born the daughter of feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and political theorist William matinee idolwin. While on vacation with her husband, she began to write the novel Frankenstein, about a scientist who created life. The scientists let out was Victor Frankenstein. In a selection from the novel, Frankenstein says The dissecting room and the slaughter-house furnished many of my materials and often did my human mortalality turn withloathing from my occupation, whilst, still urged on by eagerness which perpetually increased, I brought my work estimable to a conclusion (232).Frankenstein is drive backed because he must go to a slaughter-house to get parts for his cr eation. Frankensteins disgust shows how horrible and demoralizing his scientific endeavors are, and he continues his experiment despite the negative affect his experiment has on his health. He realizes the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy your taste for those simple enjoyment in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, non beseem the human mind (233). Frankenstein worked so hard to give life to his creation he thought of zip fastener else, and he was living his whole life to accomplish one goal. He realizes how much time he has been spending on his experiment and the effect his work is having on him, so he believes humans do non have the capacity to deal with work in this manner. Therefore, scientific experimentation is not outlay the negative effects the experiments have on the human mind.Eventually, Frankenstein accomplishes his goal, still his creation does not turn ou t like he expected. After giving his creation life, Frankenstein is horrified and leaves his home. Frankenstein concludes Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to be greater than his nature will allow (231). Frankenstein wanted to have the knowledge to create life, and when he final had the knowledge to create life, he did. After he created life, he was miserable. Therefore, humans cannot be God and create life because their nature will not allow them to be like God, and those who try to create life will be miserable, unlike those who do not seek dangerous knowledge.Michael Bishop is a professor of microbiology at the University of California, San Francisco. In his article Enemies of Promise he warns about the misconceptions people may have about scientific advances. Bishop states science has sounded the alarm abou t acid rain and its principal origins in automobile emissions, but our society has not found the political will top bridle the internal combustion locomotive (239). Science has helped to improve the quality of life of people by discovering the cause of acid rain is from car emissions, and the reduction of acid rain could resultfrom better emission standards. Science is not to blame for serving to create the internal combustion engine, but the lack of government funding to find separate essence to propel automobiles should be blamed. Bishop says Resistance to science is born of fear.Fear, in turn is bred by ignorance. And it is ignorance that is our deepest malady (241). flock fear science because they do not understand how science works, and the purpose of science is to better mankind, not to recombine DNA to create a deadly virus, or mutations. If people are educated, then they will have a better understanding of science, and will no longer fear science. Once all people under stand science, and no longer fear science, mankind can move towards new goals, and improve the lives of all people. When scientists perform experiments, the scientists are trying to solve the mystery of something they do not understand, such as stem cells.Bishop believes scientists take things apart in order to understand the whole, to solve the mystery an enterprise that we wishing as one of the great ennobling tasks of humankind (238). Scientists experiment to better understand the world around them, and all the things in the world, as well as the relationships between different parts of the world. Scientists do not take things apart just because they can, but scientists have a purpose for their actions. The experiments to understand the world around us, Bishop believes to be a noble task for mankind, and with scientific discoveries, our lives can be improved.Comparing the claims of both Mary Shelley and Michael Bishop, I find Bishops claims that science is good for mankind, to b e more persuasive than Mary Shelleys warning about the limitations of man and science. Bishop states Science has produced the vaccines required to control many childhood infections in the United States, but our realm has failed to deploy properly those vaccines (239). If mankind did not have the benefit of scientific knowledge, there would be no vaccine for illnesses such as small pox, or life threatening diseases. Humans have the ability to produce large amounts of vaccines beneficial to children in our country and other countries around the world. Science cannot pay for, and flounder vaccines for diseases throughout the world, but science is blamed because people inour world still suffer from curable diseases. Also, Bishop states that resistance to science is born of fear, which is the result of ignorance.When the University of California, San Francisco wanted to perform biomedical research in a residential area, which they have not been allowed to do, Bishop noted that another agitated citizen declared on television her outrage that those people are bringing DNA into my neighborhood (241). The person who stated that the University was bringing DNA into their neighborhood does not understand what DNA is. By making the statement about bringing DNA in their neighborhood, the person is opposing having DNA in her neighborhood compared to the Universitys encroachment into their neighborhood. If the person who made the statement were simply contrasted to the possibility of increased traffic in the neighborhood, then the person would have made that statement on television. The person made the statement about DNA instead, showing that they fear DNA because they do not want DNA in their neighborhood. Therefore, the opposition this person has to science stems from their misunderstanding of DNA. Bishop points out a doable reason for people not understanding science caused by a lack of education.Bishop states In a recent international testing, U.S. high school stude nts finished ninth in physics among the top dozen nations, eleventh in chemistry, and dead last in biology (241). If science is not learned by pupils in school, then the pupils will not understand science. Judging from the international testing, students in our country do not have an understanding of science, and the lack of understanding will breed ignorance, and will result in fear and resistance. Therefore, some people fear science because they were not properly educated when they were students and they do not understand how science can improve mankind as a whole. Bishop states The price of science seems large, but to reject science is to deny the future (242).Although science may not always give people one solid choice, and scientific endeavors may have ethical problems, we need to work out those ethical and moral dilemmas. Science will not go away, but will continue to explore the world around us. Science cannot be rejected because science will help to improve the quality of l ife, and rejecting science would result in the rejection of the improvement in quality of life. Otherevidence Bishop should have examined was the overall subside in respect for institutions by the public.Alan H. McGowan is a program director for the Public Understanding of Science and Technology, as well as the Directorate for Education and Human Resources at American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). McGowan states although there seems to have been a decrease in the respect the public has for scientists, this is part of a command trend of decreasing trust in institutions of all kinds. While Bishop has stated that people have been assail science, Bishop does not compare how much science is being attacked compared to other institutions, such as the press. If all other institutions are being attacked more fervently than science, then science is not in as hurtful a shape as Bishop believes science to be.Therefore, unless science is being attacked as much as every o ther institution, science is still be viewed by the public with more respect compared to the other institutions. While Mary Shelleys Frankenstein show the problems with mans thirst for knowledge, Michael Bishop puts science in a positive light, showing how science has help mankind. I believe Bishops claims about science to be more persuasive, and the positive effects of science to be well worth the effort of scientists. Although Bishops claims could have been improved with some more evidence about the publics view of science, science will continue to improve our lives.

Factors That Lead Youth To Join Gangs Essay Example for Free

Factors That Lead Y proscribedh To Join Gangs Essay early daysfulness emphasis in American society has escalated in an alarming rate. Violence in schools, spree killings, and risk taking behavior see to hurl become more commonplace than a decade ago. Most social scientists train pointed out that jejuneness military unit is directly related to later fell behavior, such that a child who has been open to violence early in life would seek violence or become involved in criminal activities.One of the most alarming social groups that perpetuate violence is street battalions, and the callowness ar generally drawn into these hoops. Gangs had existed since societies were formed and social norms and expectations were required of all divisions of society. Gangs were first formed as a social group espousing br otherwisehood and friendship, however, annuluss evolved to become anti-social groups involved in crimes such as drug trafficking, marketing and manufacturing, murder, assault, and riots. Since most gangs recruit adolescent members, it is important to understand what and why adolescents yoke gangs. This paper seeks to examine the factors that work the youths ending to join gangs.Background of the StudyThe marked accession in youth violence and delinquency was observed two decades ago, at which point membership in gangs had as well increased. Youth gangs were prevalent in large urban cities, save at its peak, it made its way make up to little cities and the more rural areas across the country. Researchers had found a link between the rises ofyouth gangs to youth violence because gang members comport access to guns and other weapons as compared to delinquents.Another factor considered in the rise of gangs and violence is the increase in drug trade in the area or locality, it is expected that those who deal unlawful drugs have guns, weapons, and have more tendency to commit violence. At present, the number of youth gangs in American societ y have continued to rise and gain more members.Youth gangs had existed even before American society had developed to what it is now, previously, youth gangs were organized in order to serve some social purpose, but with more tendencies for vandalism, fighting with other gangs and establishing their territories. Gangs had now become the epitome of what is anti-social behavior, thus, gangs are viewed as troublemakers, violent, illegal, unscrupulous, to be feared and excruciation to the parent who have lost a child to gangs.Many studies had been conducted to seek and understand the dynamics of gangs and gang membership, most had been suitable to identify the factors associated with gang membership and how gang members behave as well as their organizational structure. One thing is for sure, gangs are anything but simple, gangs have a complex organizational structure, and canvass gangs have not been conclusive to date.Gangs had been difficult to study and understand especially that mo re muckle and even the youth know that gangs are negatively perceived in society and that it can be serious to join gangs. The difficulty lies in the lack of consensus among investigateers and the public as to what is a gang and how it is different from other social groups.Loosely defined, youth gangs is an organization with a set of leaders and members thatare engaged in criminal acts, on the other hand, motorcycle gangs, prison gangs and hate gangs are more hard core, have more structure and hierarchy and are different from youth gangs. Moreover, gangs are more likely to be composed of males rather than pistillates, but there has been a marked increase in the number of female gangs and female members.The relationship between membership in youth gangs and later criminal behavior had been espoused by a number of researchers and studies. Thus, it would follow that gang membership may predict violent behavior and criminal behavior. At this point, understanding why adolescents want to join youth gangs would friend police, parents, schools and the public to make break out decisions and provide programs that would keep the youth from joining gangs. This study hopes to explore and understand the factors that influence the youths decision to become a member of a youth gang.Problem StatementThis study seeks to explore and understand the factors that contribute to the adolescents desire to join a gang. It is a reality that beingness a member of a youth gang is risky and disadvantageous in the sense that wholeness is more likely to engage in criminal behavior, more likely to be involved in illegal activities and more likely to be caught and imprisoned. Nevertheless, youth gangs still enjoy the popularity and social status that they have in our society. More and more teenagers become gang members wherein they learn anti-social behaviors that only place them at risk. delinquent to the presence of youth gangs and the increasing membership of the said gangs, there ha s been a marked increase in violent crimes and criminal acts in almost allcities in the country. This social problem have contributed to the increase in the number of convicted juvenile delinquents, the increase in high school drop out range and even the violence that occurs in our schools.If the youth focus only on what is essential, and that is to go to school, learn the skills that would help them become productive members of society and to serve as examples for the younger generation, then our society would be in a check position than it is now. If the youth today stay away from gangs, ultimately, gangs would die and end its being because there are no members to sustain it.By studying the factors that lead teenagers to join gangs, we would be in a better position to provide programs and information that would keep them from joining gangs hence, we would have a better society, a more positive, creative, and promising youth and less crimes, delinquency and violence.This study s pecifically aims to answer the research question What factors lead the youth to seek membership in gangs? In order to answer the primary(prenominal) research question, the study also seeks to determine the followingWho is the typical gang member? What are his/her personalized characteristics, educational accomplishment, and interests?When and how does a person become a gang member?What factors predispose the youth to join gangs?What factors influence the youth to join gangs?Purpose and Objectives of the StudyThis study seeks to explore and determine the factors that lead the youth to join gangs. At the outset, this study is not one-dimensional it takes into account that therecould be a infinite of factors that engage the youth to become gang members. Thus, this study was designed to provide answers to the following questionsWho is the typical gang member? What are his/her personal characteristics, educational attainment, and interests?When and how does a person become a gang mem ber?What factors predispose the youth to join gangs?What factors influence the youth to join gangs?Just as some people are drawn to gangs, there are also those who do not want to become a member of any gang, thus in order to sufficiently answer the main research question, it is also important that the personal characteristics of the gang member should be examined. By knowing the personal characteristics, educational attainment and interest of the gang members, we would be able to identify who among the youth are drawn to gangs and thus, we could provide interventions or prevention strategies targeted at the said persons to keep them from joining gangs.Knowing what goes on in gangs and how individuals are recruited and the march in which members are accepted into gangs will provide answers to the question of what is in gangs that make them attractive to the youth of today. Understanding what attracts them to join gangs also enables us to provide a more specific intervention dodge or campaign that would help individuals become prey to gangs.The term predispose means the propensity or likelihood of joining gangs, in this question, it is desired that the family set-up, academic performance, social skills and needs of the youth are examined and whether this contributes to the decision to joingroups. This question can be answered by individuals who have not yet officially get together any gang but desires to become part of a gang, as such we would be able to identify what mitigating factors increase the likelihood of joining gangs.The last question is designed to identify the factors that lead the youth to join gangs. As such, the individuals are asked to specify the factors whether it be personal social, educational, economic or psychological that have influenced their decision to join gangs. This question can be adequately answered by individuals who are already gang members.